ASTM D8027-2016 2928 Standard Practice for Concentration of Select Radionuclides Using MnO2 for Measurement Purposes《使用测量用MnO2测定选择放射性核素浓度的标准实施规程》.pdf
《ASTM D8027-2016 2928 Standard Practice for Concentration of Select Radionuclides Using MnO2 for Measurement Purposes《使用测量用MnO2测定选择放射性核素浓度的标准实施规程》.pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《ASTM D8027-2016 2928 Standard Practice for Concentration of Select Radionuclides Using MnO2 for Measurement Purposes《使用测量用MnO2测定选择放射性核素浓度的标准实施规程》.pdf(4页珍藏版)》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。
1、Designation: D8027 16Standard Practice forConcentration of Select Radionuclides Using MnO2forMeasurement Purposes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8027; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice is intended to provide a variety of ap-proaches in which manganese oxide (MnO2) can be used toconcentr
3、ate radionuclides of interest into a smaller volumecounting geometry or exclude other species that would other-wise impede subsequent chemical separation steps in an overallradiochemical method, or both.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement ar
4、e included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations p
5、rior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD7902 Terminology for Radiochemical Analyses3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer toTerminologies D1129 and D7902.4. Summary of Practice4.1 These practices de
6、scribe different processes throughwhich MnO2can be used to concentrate specific radionuclidesof interest into a smaller volume counting geometry or excludeother species that would otherwise impede subsequent chemi-cal separation steps in an overall radiochemical method, orboth.4.2 Published studies
7、(1-5)3have addressed in detail thevarious manners in which hydrous manganese dioxides can besynthesized and the variety of crystal forms of hydrousmanganese dioxide that can result. The literature describes thefollowing general categories in which hydrous manganesedioxide can be prepared.4.2.1 Guyar
8、d Reaction:3Mn2112MnO412H2O5MnO214H14.2.2 By the reduction of permanganate with reducingreagents such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or hydrogenchloride (HCl).4.2.3 By the oxidation of Mn(II) salt under alkaline condi-tions with oxidizing reagents such as potassium chlorate(KClO3), H2O2, ozone (O3), or
9、 ammonium persulfate(NH4)2S2O8).4.3 The presented practices are not meant to address everypossible approach to the generation and use of MnO2but aremeant to present some more typical practices that may begenerally useful.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is applicable to the separation of spe
10、cificradionuclides of interest as part of overall radiochemicalanalytical methods. Radionuclides of interest may need to bequantified at activity levels of less than 1 Bq. This may requiremeasurement of less than 1 fg of analyte in a sample which hasa mass of a gram to more than several kilograms. T
11、his requiresconcentration of radionuclides into a smaller volume countinggeometry or exclusion of species which would impede subse-quent chemical separations, or both. MnO2has shown goodselectivity in being able to concentrate the following elements:actinium (Ac), bismuth (Bi), lead (Pb), polonium (
12、Po), pluto-nium (Pu), radium (Ra), thorium (Th), and uranium (U) asnoted in the referenced literature (see Sections 4 and 8). TheMnO2can be loaded onto a variety of substrates in preparationfor use or generated in-situ in an aqueous solution. Thepresented processes are not meant to be all encompassi
13、ng ofwhat is possible or meant to address all limitations of usingMnO2. Some limitations are noted in Section 6, Interferences.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.04 on Methods of RadiochemicalAnalysis.Current ed
14、ition approved Feb. 15, 2016. Published May 2016. DOI: 10.1520/D8027-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe AS
15、TM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16. Interferences6.1 MnO2is able to achieve a very good decontaminationfactor from
16、 monovalent cations in solution as evidenced by 8.3below in which it is used in seawater. However, in the case ofelevated concentrations of divalent cations, for examplebarium, the recovery of analytes of interest can be significantlyreduced (6). Additionally in the case of seawater, the recoveryof
17、analytes such as uranium may also be substantially reduced.In such cases the use of an isotopic tracer can be very importantto correct for such reduced recovery. The MnO2separation isalso very conducive to being easily repeated to achieve asecond stage of separation from potentially interfering spec
18、ies.7. Reagens7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,where such specifications are available.4Ot
19、her grades may beused, provided that the reagent is of sufficiently high purity topermit its use without increasing the background of themeasurement.7.1.1 Some reagents, even those of high purity, may containnaturally occurring radioactivity, such as isotopes of uranium,radium, actinium, thorium, ra
20、re earths and potassium com-pounds or artificially produced radionuclides, or both.Consequently, when such reagents are used in the analysis oflow-radioactivity samples, the activity of the reagents shall bedetermined under analytical conditions that are identical tothose used for the sample. The ac
21、tivity contributed by thereagents may be considered to be a component of backgroundand applied as a correction when calculating the test sampleresult. This increased background reduces the sensitivity of themeasurement.7.2 Ammonium hydroxide, 15 M NH4OH, (concentratedreagent).7.3 Ammonium hydroxide,
22、6MNH4OHAdd 400 mL ofconcentrated ammonium hydroxide to 400 mL water. Dilute to1 L with water and mix well.7.4 Bromocresol purple pH indicatorAdd 0.1 g bromo-cresol purple in 18.5 mL of 0.01 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH)solution. Dilute to 250 mL with water and mix well.7.5 Hydrogen peroxide, 30 % H2O2.7
23、.6 Iron chloride, FeCl3.7.7 Potassium permanganate, KMnO4.7.8 Potassium permanganate, 0.5 M KMnO4Add 79 g ofKMnO4to 750 mL water. Dilute to 1 L with water and mixwell.7.9 Sodium hydroxide, 0.01 M NaOHAdd 0.1 g NaOH to250 mL water.8. Procedure8.1 Use of MnO2Generated in-situ to Pre-ConcentrateSample
24、Analytes:8.1.1 The precipitation of MnO2from a water sample maybe most conveniently performed on a volume of 0.1 to 2 L butlarger volumes are possible (7 and 8). Any isotopic tracersshould be added and the valence states of the tracers andanalyte species allowed to equilibrate before proceeding.8.1.
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