ASTM G56-2018 Standard Test Method for Abrasiveness of Ink-Impregnated Fabric Printer Ribbons and Other Web Materials.pdf

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1、Designation: G56 10G56 18Standard Test Method forAbrasiveness of Ink-Impregnated Fabric Printer Ribbonsand Other Web Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G56; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision,

2、 the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasiveness of ink-impregnated fabric printer ribbons and o

3、ther webmaterials by means of a sliding wear test.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purpor

4、t to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This internationa

5、l standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2

6、. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 abrasive wear coeffcient (for a ribbon)ribbon or web material)a measure of the ability of the ribbon or web materialto wear surfaces with which

7、 it comes in contact. The larger the value, the greater the ability to cause wear. The abrasive wearcoefficient determined by this method is directly proportional to the volume of material removed from the steel sphere in the test.3.2 For additional terms pertinent to this test method, see Terminolo

8、gy G40.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A ribbon or web-material specimen is wrapped around the cylindrical surface of a drum. A hardened steel sphere is pressedagainst the ribbonmaterial surface. While the drum rotates about its axis, the steel sphere is slowly moved in an axial directionacross the sur

9、face of the ribbon web material (Note 1). After a specified amount of sliding has occurred, the test is stopped andthe volume of material removed from the steel sphere is determined. This volume is then used to compute an abrasive wearcoefficient for the ribbon web material specimen.NOTE 1These two

10、motions ensure that the unused ribbonweb-material is continually supplied to the contact area of the wear specimen; however, thecontact region usually contains a mixture of unused and used ribbon web material surface.5. Significance and Use35.1 This test method differentiates between web materials o

11、n the basis of their ability to cause wear on surfaces with which theycome in contact. This test method can also be used to evaluate the wear resistance of different materials against such web materials.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and Erosion and is the

12、 direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.30 on Abrasive Wear.Current edition approved April 1, 2010Dec. 15, 2018. Published April 2010January 2018. Originally approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 20052010 asG5682(2005).G56 10. DOI: 10.1520/G0056-10.10.1520/G0056-18.2 For referencedA

13、STM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 A discussion of the wear process and the influence of various parameters on

14、the wear can be found in Bayer, R. G., “Wear by Paper and Ribbon,” Wear, Vol 49, 1978,pp. 147168 and Bayer, R. G., “ Mechanism of Wear by Ribbon and Paper,” IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol 22, No. 6, November 1978, pp. 668674.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to

15、 provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof

16、 the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16. Apparatus46.1 Ribbon Web Material Support SurfaceThe overall shape of this member is that of a cylindrical

17、 drum 48 6 1 in. (12206 25 mm) in diameter, concentric to within 0.0005 in. (0.013 mm) total run-out, and 8.25 + 0.25 0 in. (210 + 6 0 mm) wide(see Fig. 1). The support surface is the cylindrical surface. This surface shall be rigid, made of metal (Note 2), and have a slot nogreater than 0.020 in. (

18、0.5 mm) in it so that the ends of the ribbon web material may be fed through into the interior. The interiorshall contain a mechanism to uniformly provide tension to the ribbon web material specimen. This member shall be able to rotateabout its axis and provide a linear velocity at the surface of th

19、e ribbonmaterial of 321 6 6 in./s (8150 6 150 mm/s).mm/s),approximately 128 rpm.NOTE 22024 aluminum with a minimum thickness of 0.25 in. (6.35 mm) is adequate. The roughness of this surface should not exceed 20 in. (0.5m), CLA.6.2 Wear Specimen SupportThis member shall be able to press a rigidly mou

20、nted 0.25-in. (6.35-mm) diameter spherical wearspecimen against the ribbon web material surface and advance the specimen across the surface of the ribbonmaterial specimen inan axial direction at a rate of 0.001 6 0.0001 in. (0.254 6 0.025 mm) per drum revolution (see Fig. 2). The mounting shall beof

21、 such a construction that continual contact with the ribbon or web material surface is maintained with a normal load of 0.22 lb(this corresponds to the dead-weight load produced by a 100-g mass) between the wear specimen and ribbon web material surfaceand sufficiently rigid so that no rotation occur

22、s.7. Materials7.1 Wear SpecimenThe standard wear specimens are commercially available hardened steel balls. The balls shall be made ofAISI 52100 steel with a characteristic hardness of 730 to 760 HV at 500 g and have a diameter of 0.25 6 0.002 in. (6.35 6 0.5mm). The surface roughness of the spheres

23、 shall be equal to or less than 2 in. (0.02(0.05 m) CLA. Alternate materials may beused, with similar dimensional and surface roughness values and tolerances, when evaluating their resistance to wear against asingle web material.7.2 Ribbon Web Material SpecimenThe ribbon web material specimen(s) sha

24、ll be of sufficient length so that the circumferenceof the drum can be completely covered and have enough length remaining so that the ends may be engaged by the internaltensioning device. This would require a specimen length in the range from 150 to 200 in. (4000 to 5000 mm). The preferred widthof

25、a specimen is 8 inin. (200 mm); however, narrower specimens may be utilized provided a sufficient number is available toachieve a total minimum sliding distance of 5.8 105 in. (14.7 106 mm) without reuse of the same sample. This is approximatelyan effective total specimen width of 4 in. (100 mm).4 S

26、upporting data (implementation of the apparatus required is discussed in “Testing Machine for the Evaluation of Wear by Paper,”) have been filed atASTM InternationalHeadquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:G02-1000.FIG. 1 Ribbon Web Material Support SurfaceG56 1828. Ambient

27、Conditions8.1 The relative humidity and temperature under which the test is conducted shall be monitored and recorded. The mountedribbon web material specimen shall be allowed to equilibrate for a minimum of 1 h at the relative humidity and temperature atwhich the test will be conducted.9. Procedure

28、9.1 Put one end of the ribbon web material through the slot in the drum and fasten to the tension device. Then wrap the ribbonweb material around the surface of the drum so that the outer surface of the ribbon(or surface of interest) of the material is exposed.Feed the other end of the ribbonweb thr

29、ough the slot and fasten to the tension device. Apply sufficient tension so that theribbonmaterial uniformly conforms to the surface of the drum and is held taut. Align the ribbon web material specimen so that thewear specimen does not contact or slide off the edges during the course of the test.9.2

30、 After the wear specimen is mounted to the wear specimen support, press the wear specimen against the surface of the ribbonweb material with a load of 100 g. Contact should be made near but not with the edge of the ribbon.web. After the load has beenapplied, simultaneously start the axial motion of

31、the specimen and the rotation of the drum.9.3 For ribbon web material specimens of sufficient width, continue the sliding for a minimum of 30 min, or 5.8 105 in. (14.7 106 mm) of sliding, without coming in contact with the edge of the ribbonweb specimen. Then remove the wear specimen fromthe surface

32、 while the drum is still rotating. Record the sliding duration.9.4 For narrower specimens for which this cannot be done, remove the wear specimen from the ribbon web material surfaceprior to contacting the ribbonweb edge, while the drum is still rotating. Record the duration of sliding. Then stop th

33、e drum andpress the wear specimen against a new ribbon web material specimen that has been mounted on the drum and continue the sliding.Repeat this process until the wear specimen has experienced a total duration of sliding of at least 30 min.9.5 Total sliding duration should equal or exceed 30 min,

34、 with longer durations being preferred since they generate more wear.In general, the sliding duration should be selected so that a measurable wear scar results. Typical sliding durations are from 1 to3 h.9.6 After the wear specimen has accumulated the desired amount of sliding and has been removed f

35、rom contact with the ribbon,web material, clean it with a suitable solvent. Determine the volume of material removed from the wear specimen. Any techniquefor determining the volume may be used provided it has the capability of measuring volumes in the range of 5 108 in.3 (106cm3). A suggested method

36、 for determining the volume is described in Appendix X1.10. Calculations10.1 The dimensionless abrasive wear coefficient for the ribbon, web material, K, is obtained from the following equation:K 51.53104 s/in.33Vt (1)where:V = volume of wear, in.3, andt = total duration of sliding, s.The higher the

37、 value of K, the more abrasive is the ribbon.material.10.2 This equation is developed from the following wear relationship:V 5KPx/Hm (2)FIG. 2 Test MotionG56 183where:P = normal load,x = total distance of sliding, andHm = diamond pyramid hardness of the wear specimen.11. Report11.1 When the wear coe

38、fficient for a ribbon is stated, the relative humidity and temperature conditions under which it wasobtained shall be given.12. Precision and Bias512.1 The precision and accuracy of this test method are strongly influenced by the precision and accuracy to which the wearvolume can be determined. Repe

39、ated tests with the same wear apparatus on controlled ribbon samples have generally resulted instandard deviations of 5 to 25 %, when the volume measurement technique described in the appendix is used. Interlaboratory testswith similar apparatus have indicated that the reproducibility of values is w

40、ithin 25 %.13. Keywords13.1 abrasiveness; abrasive wear coefficient; fabric ribbons; ink-impregnatedink-impregnated; web materialAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. DETERMINATION OF WEAR VOLUMEX1.1 One method for determining the wear volume, V, is by the use of a surface profilometer. In such a ca

41、se, an initial referenceprofilometer trace is taken of the unworn wear specimen. After the test, two profilometer traces through the middle of the wearscar are taken. These traces must extend into the unworn areas of either side of the wear area. One trace is taken in a directionparallel to the slid

42、ing direction, the other, perpendicular. The wear volume is then determined by comparison of the referenceprofile to the worn profiles.X1.2 A second method for determining the wear volume is through the use of a non-contact surface profilometer and suitablesoftware, in which the wear scar perimeter

43、is used along with the known diametrical dimensions of the ball to compute the volumeof material removed. If such calculations cannot be made by the software, before and after measurements can be made and thevolume can be determined in a similar manner to that for the use of a stylus-based profilome

44、ter.X1.3 This comparison is illustrated in Fig. X1.1. The wear volume V obtained from such a comparison is determined by thefollowing equation:V51.0472 H2 0.37502H!11.5708 T A11A2! (X1.1)where:H = height of the cap indicated in Fig. X1.1, in.,T = base of the cap in Fig. X1.1, in., andA1 and A2 = mea

45、sured areas of the triangular region indicated in Fig. X1.1, in.2 (see Note X1.1).5 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:G02-1002.FIG. X1.1 Wear DeterminationG56 184NOTE X1.1A1 and A2 may be determined by any convenie

46、nt method. Some methods that may be used are: approximating these regions by a simplegeometrical shape whose areas are known; by the use of a planimeter, or by determining the number of unit squares contained in the regions. In eachof these cases the area as measured must be converted by dividing it

47、 by the product of the magnifications in the horizontal and vertical direction to givethe actual values of the area.X1.4 The volume, V, used for the calculation of the ribbon web material wear constant, is the average of the volumes determinedfor the parallel. V| and perpendicular measurement, V|ny,

48、 as follows:V 5V?1V!/2 (X1.2)ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof inf

49、ringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comm