ASTM D804-2007 Standard Terminology Relating to Naval Stores Including Tall Oil and Related Products《与松脂制品(包括妥尔油及相关产品)相关的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: D 804 07Standard Terminology Relating toNaval Stores, Including Tall Oil and Related Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 804; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last

2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Although the naval stores industry has been a continuingproducer of chemical products for many centuries, the natureof the

3、 industry, its products, and its terminology have changed.In particular, the original practice of recovering naval storesthrough the processing of the exudate from pine trees (gumnaval stores) has been supplemented by their extraction bysolvent (wood naval stores) and by wood pulping chemicals(sulfa

4、te naval stores). Thus, this terminology contains some oldterms now mostly of historic value, together with the terms ofthe modern naval stores industry.22. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 6090 Test Method for Softening Point Resins (MettlerCup and Ball Method)E28 Test Methods for Softening

5、 Point of Resins Derivedfrom Naval Stores by Ring-and-Ball Apparatus3. Terminologyabietic acid, commercial grade, na product consistingchiefly of rosin acids in substantially pure form, separatedeither from rosin or tall oil commercially for specificpurposes and in which abietic acid and its isomers

6、 are theprincipal components.colophony, na term denoting medium and high grades ofrosin.crude stripper oil, na by-product of the manufacture ofcitrus juice, composed largely of d-limonene and containingup to 1.5 % of aldehydes. (See also d-limonene.)dipentene, nchemically defined as the optically in

7、activeform of the monocyclic terpene hydrocarbon limonene.DISCUSSIONCommercial dipentenes contain substantial portions ofother monocyclic and bicyclic, as well as some oxygenated, terpeneshaving closely related boiling ranges. They are generally obtained byfractional distillation from crude oils rec

8、overed in the several commer-cial methods of utilizing pine wood, also by isomerization during thechemical processing of terpenes. There is no legal requirement underthe Naval Stores Act that the source, origin, or kind of dipentene beshown in the commercial designation. Consequently, coined tradena

9、mes are sometimes used in selling this product. The four kinds ofcommercial dipentene are:chemically processed dipentene, nrecovered as a productor a by-product in connection with the chemical treatmentand conversion of other terpenes.destructively distilled dipentene, nfrom the lighter por-tions of

10、 the oil recovered during the destructive distillationof pine wood.steam-distilled dipentene, nfractionated from the crudeoleoresinous extract during the processing of related steam-distilled wood naval stores.sulfate dipentene, nfrom the crude condensate of thevapors generated in the digestion of w

11、ood in the sulfatepaper pulp process.ester gum, na resin made from rosin and a polyhydricalcohol, generally glycerol or pentaerythritol.gloss oil, na solution of limed rosin or limed rosin acids ina volatile solvent, used chiefly in surface coatings. (Whenmade from tall oil, the source is usually in

12、dicated.)d-limonene, na purified optically active terpene hydrocar-bon recovered from by-products of the citrus industry.DISCUSSIONIt is used as a chemical intermediate and as a monomerin terpene resins.metallic resinates, nrosin in which part or all of the rosinacids have been chemically reacted wi

13、th those metals thatgive soaps or salts which are water insoluble.DISCUSSIONLimed rosin, zinc-treated rosin, and the resinates oflead, cobalt, copper, and manganese, are of the greatest industrialimportance.modified rosin, nrosin that has been treated with heat orcatalysts, or both with or without a

14、dded chemical substances,so as to cause substantial change in the structure of the rosinacids, as isomerization, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, orpolymerization, usually without substantial effect on thecarboxyl group.DISCUSSIONThe following are types of modified rosin:disproportionated (dehydrogen

15、ated) rosin, nrosin that has beensubjected to chemical or physical treatment, or both, so as to cause1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.34 on Naval Stores.Curr

16、ent edition approved June 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originallyapproved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 804 02.2Zinkel, D. F., and Russell, J., eds., Naval Stores: Production, Chemistry andUtilization, Pulp Chemicals Association, NY, 1989.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Ba

17、rr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.substantial simultaneous hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of therosin acids to form their hydrogenated and dehydrogenated counter-parts.heat-treated rosin, nrosin in which a reduction of acid number and apositive shift in

18、 optical rotation has been brought about by controlledheat treatment only, in order to improve its suitability for specific uses.hydrogenated rosin, nrosin that has been treated with hydrogen underconditions that cause a partial or complete saturation of the resin acidspresent, best indicated by a d

19、rop in the refractive index. Commercialhydrogenated rosin is usually only partially saturated.polymerized rosin, nrosin that has been treated by chemicalor physical means, or both, in a manner so as to cause aunion of a part of the rosin acids to form dimers to such anextent that the average molecul

20、ar weight of such rosin willbe measurably greater than that of the original rosin. Alsoknown as “dimerized rosin.”monocyclic terpenes, na designation sometimes used in thetrade to describe a heterogeneous mixture of monocyclic,bicyclic, and other related terpene C10H16hydrocarbonsrecovered or remove

21、d in the fractionation of certain terpenesor other essential oils, or as a by-product in the chemicalconversion of pinenes generally sold under trade names.DISCUSSIONThe term “other monocyclic hydrocarbons,” used instatistical reports of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, covers thistype of materia

22、l.naval stores, nchemically reactive oils, resins, tars, andpitches derived from the oleoresin contained in, exuded by,or extracted from wood chiefly of the pine species ( GenusPinus).DISCUSSIONThe term naval stores is derived from the use of thesechemical products for the sealing of the hulls of na

23、val vessels incolonial times. The term has survived but now is used to describe theproducts obtained by upgrading oleoresin and crude tall oil.neutral content, nthe total amount of material contained innaval stores, such as rosin, tall oil, and their derivatives thatdo not contain any acidic functio

24、nality.DISCUSSIONNeutral content includes unsaponifiable matter and anycombined acidic material present as derivatives, such as esters, anhy-drides, or lactones.oil of (pine) tar, ncertain heavier fractions of the volatile oilrecovered by distilling pine-tar oil to convert it into pine tar.oil of tu

25、rpentine, nthe pharmaceutical name for spirits ofturpentine that conforms to the requirements of the NationalFormulary.oleoresin, npine gum, the nonaqueous secretion of resinacids dissolved in a terpene hydrocarbon oil that is producedor exuded from the intercellular resin ducts of a living tree,and

26、 is present, together with oxidation products, in the deadwood of weathered limbs and stumps.pine needle oil, nan essential oil of typical fragranceobtained by steam distillation of the leaves (needles) ofcertain species of pine.DISCUSSIONSome imported oils derived from other conifers areclassified

27、as pine needle oil.pinenes, nbicyclic terpene hydrocarbons, the principal con-stituent of all turpentines and existing therein in two iso-meric forms, alpha-pinene and beta-pinene.pine oil, na colorless to amber colored volatile oil withcharacteristic pinaceous odor, consisting principally of iso-me

28、ric tertiary and secondary cyclic terpene alcohols, withvariable quantities of terpene hydrocarbons, ethers, ketones,phenols, and phenolic ethers, the amount and character ofwhich depend on the source and method of manufacture.DISCUSSIONThe four commercial kinds of pine oil are:destructively distill

29、ed pine oil, nobtained from the lighter distillatefrom the destructive distillation (carbonization) of pine wood.steam-distilled pine oil, nobtained from the crude oleoresinousextract of pinewood during the processing of related steam-distilledwood naval stores . sulfate pine oil, na high boiling fr

30、action obtainedin the refining and fractional distillation of crude sulfate turpentine.synthetic pine oil, nobtained by chemical hydration of pinenes toform monocyclic terpene alcohols, mainly alpha-terpineol.pine tar, nA product of the destructive distillation of pinewood.pitchsee tall oil pitch.re

31、claimed, rosin, nrosin that has been recovered or re-claimed by any means from waste or deteriorated material,provided that the concentration of rosin acids is not belowthat normal for rosin, and any residual or contaminatingcomponent from the waste material itself or from any articleused in the rec

32、overy process is not in sufficient quantity tocause the physical or chemical properties of the reclaimedproduct to differ materially from those of rosin.resinates, metallicSee metallic resinates.rosin, na specific kind of natural resin obtained as a vitreouswater-insoluble material from pine oleores

33、in by removal ofthe volatile oils, or from tall oil by the removal of the fattyacid components thereof.DISCUSSIONIt consists primarily of several diterpenoid isomers oftricyclic monocarboxylic acids having the general empirical formulaC20H30O2, with small quantities of compounds saponifiable withboi

34、ling alcoholic potassium or sodium hydroxide, and some unsaponi-fiable matter. The three general classifications or kinds of rosin incommerce are:gum rosin, nobtained from the oleoresin collected from living trees.tall oil rosin, nobtained by the fractional distillation of tall oil. Suchrosin shall

35、have the characteristic form, appearance, and other physicaland chemical properties normal for other kinds of rosin.wood rosin, nobtained from the oleoresin contained in dead woodsuch as stumps and knots.rosin acids or resin acids, nprincipally monocarboxylicacids with the empirical formula C19H20CO

36、OH.DISCUSSIONIt is generally considered that the term “resin acids” isapplicable to all substances having the specified molecular formulawhereas the term “rosin acids” is only used when referring to thosefound in rosins. They are classified into two groups: the abietic type andthe pimaric type. Both

37、 types and their derivatives are found in wood,gum, and tall oil rosins.rosin adducts, nthe addition product between rosin and ana, b unsaturated carboxylic acid such as fumaric acid,acrylic acid or maleic anhydride.rosin based resins, nresinous products derived from rosin orrosin adducts through ch

38、emical reaction with raw materialssuch as alcohols (especially polyhydric alcohols), formalde-hyde, a,b unsaturated carboxylic acids, phenols etc., orcombinations of these materials.D804072DISCUSSIONRosin based resins are used extensively in printing inksand adhesives.rosin crystallization, nthe for

39、mation of rosin acid crystalswithin rosin.DISCUSSIONSolid rosin is a supercooled liquid and is normallytransparent. However, when the rosin contains a preponderance of onespecies of resin acid, crystals of that resin acid can form within therosin giving it a hazy appearance. These crystals create ha

40、ndlingproblems as they cause the rosin to become less brittle and moredifficult to break up. Further, the rosin has to be heated well above itssoftening point in order to melt the rosin acid crystals and make therosin homogeneous again. Non-crystallizing rosin also has far bettersolubility in many s

41、olvents and better compatibility with oils andwaxes. The crystallization of rosin can be prevented by changing therosin acid distribution within the rosin through heat treatment with orwithout a catalyst.rosin oil, nthe relatively viscous, oily portion of the con-densate obtained when rosin is subje

42、cted to dry destructivedistillation; also used to describe specially compounded oilshaving a rosin oil base.rosin reclaimedSee reclaimed rosin.rosin spirits, nthe relatively light, volatile portion of thecondensate obtained in the first stages when rosin is sub-jected to dry destructive distillation

43、.rosin standards, nthe combinations of assembled coloredglasses having the colors designated as representative of theestablished U.S. grades used in classifying rosin.DISCUSSIONThe recognized official standards are those developedand issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, or similar standards

44、made of Lovibond glass, when certified by the same Governmentagency. The official grades established by or under authority of theFederal Naval Stores Act, for which standards are provided, are asfollows in order of increasing color XC, XB, XA, X, WW, WG, N, M, K,I, H, G, F, E, D, and FF (the latter

45、grade is used only for wood rosin).Rosin darker in color than the standard for Grade D or FF is graded B.The designation Opaque with the grade letters OP is used to describerosin that, because of a turbid, cloudy, or nontransparent condition dueto occluded moisture, excessive crystallization, or pre

46、sence of foreignmatter other than dirt, cannot be accurately graded by comparison withany of the described rosin grade standards. The availability and use ofthese standards is decreasing and being replaced by the use of theGardner color scale.rosin type (sample), na sample of rosin, or a mold ofther

47、mosetting plastic material, used as an unofficial standardin grading rosin.DISCUSSIONSuch sample shall be so selected, sized, and surface-finished that it will have the form of an approximate78-in. (22 mm)cube with at least two opposite faces having smooth parallel surfaces,and shall have a color wh

48、en viewed through these faces which matcheswithin rather narrow tolerances the color of the corresponding officialGovernment standard made of glass.scrape, nthe crystallized pine oleoresin collected from thescarified faces of trees being worked for turpentine.soap skimmings (tall oil), nthe curd, no

49、t acidified orotherwise processed, skimmed from the black liquor of thealkaline paper pulp industry, from which tall oil is obtained.softening point of rosin, nthe temperature at which rosinsoftens sufficiently to flow.DISCUSSIONRosin is a glassy-like substance and does not have asharp melting point and so softening point is often used for rosincharacterization. The standard techniques used for measuring thesoftening point of rosin are the Ring and Ball method and the Cup andBall method as described in Test Methods E28a