ASTM F1739-1996(2007) Standard Guide for Performance of a Water Rescuer-Level I《一级水上救援者作业的标准指南》.pdf

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1、Designation: F 1739 96 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Guide forPerformance of a Water RescuerLevel I1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1739; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.

2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers minimum requirements for the scopeof performance of a water rescuer I who may be responsible forthe initial on sce

3、ne evaluation, performing land based waterrescues, and providing initial patient care at a water rescueincident.1.2 This guide is one in a series; water rescuer I is only abeginning level designed for a water rescue responder. Dutiesand responsibilities at water rescue operations vary accordingto th

4、e water rescuers skills and knowledge. As the waterrescuer level I progresses and becomes more proficient, theindividual will move from responder to in-water rescuer torescue boat operator.1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport t

5、oaddress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with itsuse. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 American Red Cross Standar

6、ds:Standards and Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscita-tion (CPR) and Emergency Cardiac CareStandards and Guidelines for Standard First Aid2.2 American Heart Association:Basic Cardiac Life Support (BCLS)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 water rescuer I, WRI, n

7、an individual competent toperform on scene evaluations, water rescues only from land,and provide initial care for victims.3.1.2 basic life support cardiopulmonary resuscitation,BLS/CPR, na set of skills which includes airway manage-ment, artificial respiration, and chest compressions.23.1.3 drowning

8、, ndeath due to submersion and usuallysuffocation in water or other fluid media.3.1.4 near drowning, na resuscitated drowning victimwho survives, at least temporarily, following a submersioninjury.3.1.5 cold water near drowning, na complex series ofphysiological reactions which occur as a result of

9、beingimmersed in cold water (21C or 70F and below) which mayallow a person to survive up to an hour, possibly more, underwater.3.1.6 floating tether, tag line, na water rescue techniquewhich stretches a line across a body of water. This line has aflotation device attached to it to keep the rope on t

10、he surface ofthe water and to provide a buoyant object for the victim to graband hold.3.1.7 heat-related illnesses, nconditions consisting ofheat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke which developfrom an overexposure to heat.3.1.8 hypothermia, nreduction of the body core tempera-ture to 35C (95F

11、) and below.3.1.9 h.e.l.p. position, nheat escape lessening posture is asingle person water rescue technique for heat conservationwhen immersed in cold water. This technique conserves heatby using personal flotation devices, clothing, and body postureto limit exposure of the bodys major heat loss ar

12、eas to the coldwater.3.1.10 huddle position, na multiple person water rescuetechnique for heat conservation when immersed in cold waterand the majority of the rescuers are wearing personal flotationdevices. This technique conserves heat by using personalflotation devices and clothing, group body con

13、tact, and bodyposture to limit exposure of the bodys major heat loss areas tothe cold water.1This document is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Searchand Rescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel,Training and Education.Current edition approved June 1,

14、2007. Published October 2007. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as F 1739 96(2002).2Available from your localAmerican Red Cross Chapter or yourAmerican HeartAssociation Chapter. Reprinted from the Journal of the American Medical Associa-tion (JAMA). Copies are availa

15、ble from the American Heart Association, 7272Greenville Ave., Dallas, Texas 75231.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.11 PFD, na buoyant device suitable for use by oneperson in water emergencies. These devices may be

16、vests, ringbuoys, life preservers, cushions, and other special purposebuoyant devices.3.1.12 self rescue swim in moving water, na defensivewater survival/rescue technique for swimming swift rivers andrapids consisting of lying on the back (as horizontal and nearto the surface as possible), feet firs

17、t going downstream to fendoff all obstacles including rocks, backstroking with arms,flutter kicking with feet, and angling body towards shore.3.1.13 sinking tether, snag line, na water rescue techniquewhich stretches a weighted line across a body of water to snagor support fully or partly submerged

18、objects and people.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of this guide is to establish a minimumlevel of knowledge and skills for the water rescue responder.The application will improve the quality of initial emergencyresponse, the rescue of the water victims, and the safety of therescuers.4.2 All

19、persons who are identified as water rescuers andwater rescue responders shall meet the requirements of thisguide.4.3 This guide does not preclude the scope of performancesfor water rescuers needing more advanced or more specializedwater rescue training.4.4 This guide will assist government agencies,

20、 state, local,or regional organizations; fire departments; rescue teams, andothers who are responsible for establishing a minimum perfor-mance for personnel who respond to water emergencies.5. Requirements5.1 Knowledge RequirementsThese are not in any orderand do not suggest a particular performance

21、 sequence. Thewater rescuer I shall be able to:5.1.1 Identify potential water hazards,5.1.2 Identify a drowning victims behavior,5.1.3 Identify treatment for a drowning victim and neardrowning victim according to the standard of care to which theresponder has been trained,5.1.4 Identify heat-related

22、 illnesses and their treatmentsaccording to the standard of care to which the responder hasbeen trained,5.1.5 Identify hypothermia and its treatment according tothe standard of care to which the responder has been trained,5.1.6 Identify cold water near drowning and its treatmentaccording to the stan

23、dard of care to which the responder hasbeen trained,5.1.7 Identify the purpose and the important factors inselecting a personal flotation device (PFD) for basic waterrescue work, that is, flotation for individual self, fit, freedom ofmovement, visibility, protection, and physical comfort. Thesedevic

24、es should conform to standards set by the appropriatenational regulatory, that is, the U.S. Coast Guard in the UnitedStates, and be in good and serviceable condition,5.1.8 Identify other appropriate key pieces of personalsafety equipment, that is, thermal protection, helmet, whistle,knife, lights, f

25、ootwear,5.1.9 Identify the elements of a water emergency, that is,extrication, medical, evacuation, communication, support,5.1.10 Identify the water rescue sequence, that is, talk,reach, throw, row, go,5.1.11 Identify the different types of lines (ropes) and theirapplications for basic water rescue,

26、 and5.1.12 Identify the uses of a figure 8 knot (stopper), figure 8on a bight, and the figure 8 bend knots, that is, to prevent therope from slipping through equipment, to provide a reliableloop, to join two ropes together.5.2 Performance RequirementsThese are not in any orderand do not suggest a pa

27、rticular performance sequence. Thewater rescuer I shall be able to:5.2.1 Provide BLS/CPR in accordance with American HeartAssociation/American Red Cross (AHA/ARC) or other nation-ally accredited program,5.2.2 Provide patient assessment and initial patient careaccording to the standard of care to whi

28、ch the responder hasbeen trained,5.2.3 Demonstrate the ability to continuously swim 30 m(100 ft) while wearing a PFD,5.2.4 Demonstrate the h.e.l.p. position,5.2.5 Demonstrate the huddle position,5.2.6 Demonstrate a self rescue swim in moving water,5.2.7 Demonstrate a reach technique,5.2.8 Demonstrat

29、e throwing rescues using a throw bag andusing a coiled line,5.2.9 Demonstrate the floating tether (tag line) rescue andthe sinking tether (snag line) rescue as a shore based rescue,5.2.10 Demonstrate by tying the figure 8 knot (stopper),figure 8 on a bight, and the figure 8 bend knot,5.2.11 Evaluate

30、 a simulated rescue incident and initiate anappropriate shore based water rescue technique,5.2.12 Evaluate the patients current situation and condition,5.2.13 Evaluate the current environmental conditions andtake appropriate actions to protect rescuers, victims, and otherpersons, and5.2.14 Evaluate

31、the available flotation, reaching and throw-ing equipment, and use them properly.6. Keywords6.1 water rescue; water rescue responder; water rescuetechniques; water rescuer IF 1739 96 (2007)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with

32、any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technic

33、al committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration

34、 at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbo

35、r Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F 1739 96 (2007)3