ASTM E135-2016 7232 Standard Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals Ores and Related Materials《有关金属 矿石及相关材料的分析化学的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: E135 16Standard Terminology Relating toAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and RelatedMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E135; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l

2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms commonly used inanalytical chemistry for metals, ores, and related materials.Terms that

3、are generally understood or defined adequately inother readily available sources are either not included or theirsources are identified.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in a discussion.1.3 Definitions identical to those published by anotherstandards organiz

4、ation or ASTM committee are identified withthe name of the organization or the identifying document andASTM committee.1.4 Definitions specific to a particular field (such as emis-sion spectrometry) are identified with an italicized introductoryphrase.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1914

5、Practice for Use of Terms Relating to the Develop-ment and Evaluation of Methods for Chemical Analysis(Withdrawn 2016)3E2437 Practice for Designing and Validating Performance-Based Test Methods for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated Materials (Withdrawn 2014)3E2438 Practice for Implementing St

6、andard PerformanceBased Test Methods for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated Materials (Withdrawn 2014)32.2 ISO Standard:4ISO Guide 30 Terms and Definitions Used in Connectionwith Reference Materials3. Significance and Use3.1 Definitions given in Section 4 are intended for use in allstandards o

7、n analytical chemistry for metals, ores, and relatedmaterials. The definitions should be used uniformly andconsistently. The purpose of this terminology is to promoteclear understanding and interpretation of the standards inwhich definitions are used.4. Terminology Definitionsaim interlaboratory unc

8、ertainty, nthe maximum deviation(95 % confidence) to be allowed in the design of the totalinterlaboratory uncertainty of a test method, beginning withthe preparation of a homogeneous sample and ending with afinal report value to the client. E2437aim total intralaboratory uncertainty, nthe maximumdev

9、iation (95 % confidence) to be allowed in the design ofthe total intralaboratory uncertainty of a test method, begin-ning with the preparation of a homogeneous sample andending with a final report value to the client.aim uncertainty budget, nduring the development of astandard performance-based test

10、 method, the target alloca-tion of interlaboratory measurement uncertainty among spe-cific components of a measurement process that contributesignificantly to the overall deviation. The target allocation ismade by the task group and serves as guidance for interlabo-ratory test participants during me

11、thod testing. E2437analytical curvesee calibration curve.analyte, nin methods of chemical analysis, the constituentdetermined by a chemical measurement process. E19141This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 onAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and i

12、s the directresponsibility of Subcommittee E01.23 on Terminology and Editorial.Current edition approved May 15, 2016. Published June 2016. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E135 15a. DOI:10.1520/E0135-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.

13、astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from American National Sta

14、ndards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1analytical gap, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the regionbetween two electrodes in which the

15、specimen is excited andfrom which radiant energy is used for analysis.analytical line, nin atomic spectrometry, the particularwavelength of electromagnetic radiation used in determiningthe presence or concentration of an element.arc, condensedsee discharge, triggered capacitor.noncapacitive ac arc,

16、nin atomic emission spectrometry,aseries of separate electrical discharges, individually self-initiating or initiated separately by another means, in whicheach current pulse has a polarity that is reversed from theprevious one.arc linenot recommended, see atom line.atom line, nin atomic emission spe

17、ctrometry, a spectral lineresulting from radiation emitted during electron transition asan excited atom returns to a lower energy level.atomic emission spectrometry (AES), npertaining to emis-sion spectrometry in the ultraviolet, visible, or infraredwavelength regions of the electromagnetic spectrum

18、.bandpass filtersee under filter.between-laboratory standard deviation, sR, nthe standarddeviation of results obtained on the same material using thesame method in different laboratories.buffer, nin spectrometric analysis, a substance that tends tominimize the effects of one or more elements on thee

19、mission of other elements.burn, nin atomic emission spectrometry, that portion of asolid specimen from which atoms were volatilized or sput-tered.burn, vtin atomic emission spectrometry, to vaporize, orsputter, and excite a specimen with sufficient energy togenerate spectral radiation.calibrate, vt(

20、1) to establish the relationship between theresponse of an instrument and the amount of analyte; (2) toestablish a table of corrections to improve the accuracy ofequipment used to measure physical properties such as mass,volume, temperature, and so forth.calibration, nthe act, process, or result of

21、establishing: (1)the relationship between the response of an instrument andthe amount of analyte present; (2) a table of corrections toimprove the accuracy of equipment used to measure physicalproperties such as mass, volume, temperature, and so forth.calibration curve, nthe graphical or mathematica

22、l represen-tation of the relationship between the response of an instru-ment and the concentration or mass of the analyte.condensed arcsee under discharge, triggered capacitor.certified reference material (CRM), na reference material,accompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose propertyvalues

23、are certified by a procedure which establishes trace-ability to an accurate realization of the unit in which theproperty values are expressed, and for which each certifiedvalue is accompanied by an uncertainty at a stated level ofconfidence.DISCUSSIONBefore the advent of the term certified reference

24、 mate-rial (CRM), the term standard reference material was used in manydocuments ofASTM International. This results from the use of the termStandard Reference Material (SRM) as the name for certified referencematerials (CRM) issued by the National Institute of Standards andTechnology (NIST), an agen

25、cy of the United States government.counter electrode, nin atomic emission spectrometry, theelectrode in an analytical pair that does not contain thespecimen being analyzed.detection limit, nthe smallest net signal (or the derivedproperty value, constituent mass fraction, etc.) obtained by agiven mea

26、surement procedure, that can be distinguishedfrom the background signal at a specified confidence level.E1914DISCUSSIONThe detection limit may be designated as LD.Anequivalent alternative term is Limit of Detection with an acronym ofLOD.5discharge, triggered capacitor, na series of electrical dis-ch

27、arges from capacitors initiated by a separate means andextinguished when the voltage across the analytical gap fallsto a value that no longer is sufficient to maintain it.division, nin sample preparation, a process which divides asample into two or more subsamples without changing thecomposition.dor

28、 bead, na gold and silver bead that results fromcupellation and may contain platinum group metals.drift correction, nin spectrometric analysis, the process ofadjusting for a translational shift or a rotational shift, or both,of an instrument calibration.electrode gapnot recommended, see analytical g

29、ap.error, nof a result, the difference between a result obtainedon a material and its accepted reference value. E1914fatigue, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the decrease inresponse of a photoelectric radiant energy detector caused bythe accumulated exposure of the detector to radiant energy.filte

30、r, nin atomic spectrometry, a substance that attenuatesthe radiant power in a definite manner with respect tospectral distribution.bandpass filtera filter that passes wavelengths (or frequen-cies) within a specified range and attenuates all wavelengths(or frequencies) outside that range.gross sample

31、see under sample.homologous lines, nin atomic emission spectrometry, spec-tral lines that exhibit minimal change in their intensity ratioswith variations in excitation conditions.increment, nin sampling, a portion of material removedfrom a lot by a single operation.5For a complete discussion, refer

32、to L. A. Currie (ed.), Pure and AppliedChemistry, Vol 67, No. 10, 1995, pp. 16991723.E135 162inquartation, nin fire assay, the addition of silver tofacilitate parting.interlaboratory study (ILS), na study undertaken to dem-onstrate the precision and bias of a test method. E1914interlaboratory uncert

33、ainty, nin a performance based stan-dard test method, the precision of test results (95 %confidence) that participating laboratories achieved duringan interlaboratory study, beginning with the preparation of ahomogeneous sample and ending with a final report. E2437internal standard, nin spectrometry

34、, a material present in oradded to test samples that serves as an intensity reference forspectral measurements.internal standard line, nin atomic spectrometry, a spectralline of an internal standard, to which the radiant energy of ananalytical line is compared.intralaboratory uncertainty, n in a per

35、formance basedstandard test method, the precision (95 % confidence) that alaboratory achieves when the method is used by more thanone operator. In test methods that establish maximumallowable intralaboratory uncertainties, users must be able todemonstrate compliance with those uncertainties in order

36、 toreport that a given test result was produced using the namedmethod. E2437ion line, nin atomic emission spectrometry, a spectral lineresulting from radiation emitted during electron transition asan ionized atom decays to a lower, but still ionized, energylevel; see atom line.laboratory samplesee u

37、nder sample.linear dispersion, nthe derivative dx/d where x is thedistance along the spectrum and is the wavelength.line pair, nin atomic emission spectrometry, an analyticalline and the internal standard line with which it is compared.lot, nin sampling, a collection of material regarded as a unit.m

38、atrix, nin methods of chemical analysis, all components ofa material except the analyte. E1914method, nin chemical analysis, instructions used to producea numerical result, which are detailed in a document referredto as “the method.” E1914minimum standard deviation, sM, nthe standard deviationof res

39、ults on a test material obtained under conditions ofminimum variability E1914nebulizer, na device for converting a sample solution into agas-liquid aerosol for atomic absorption, emission,fluorescence, or mass analysis.noncapacitive ac arcsee under arc.normalization, nin spectrometric analysis, (1)

40、the process ofadjusting instrument output to conform to an establishedcondition using one or more homogeneous specimens orreference materials; (2) the adjustment of the analysis total to100 %, or some other total.parting, vtin fire assay, separating silver from gold byselectively dissolving the silv

41、er in acid.performance based method, na test method that defines: (1)the general approaches for sampling, sample preparation,and making measurements on a specified type of material;and (2) defines maximum allowable uncertainties for eachmeasured constituent over its validated concentration range.pol

42、ychromator, na device for simultaneously isolating sev-eral rays of monochromatic radiation from a beam ofpolychromatic radiation.preburn period, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the timeinterval after the initiation of a discharge during which theemitted radiation energy is not recorded for analyt

43、icalpurposes.premix burner, nin flame atomic absorption and atomicemission spectrometry, a burner in which the fuel gas ismixed with the oxidizing gas before reaching the combus-tion zone.prepared samplesee under sample.primary X-rays, nin spectrometry, the emergent beam fromthe X-ray source.profile

44、, vtin atomic emission spectrometry, to scan and setthe deflection of the grating, or actual or apparent position ofthe entrance slit, or actual or apparent location of the exitslits, to produce optimum measurement of intensity.proof, nin fire assay, a synthetic verifier having a preciousmetal conte

45、nt similar to that expected in the test sample.proof correction, nin fire assay, the adjustment to the finalassay obtained by analyzing the proof concurrently with thetest sample.radiant power, P, nthe rate at which energy is transported ina beam of radiant energy, preferably expressed in watts.reci

46、procal linear dispersion, nthe derivative d/dx where is the wavelength and x is the distance along the spectrum.reference material (RM), na material, sufficiently homoge-neous and stable with respect to one or more specifiedproperties, which has been established to be fit for itsintended use in a me

47、asurement process. ISO Guide 30repeatability, nsee within-laboratory standard deviation.E1914repeatability index, r, nan estimate of the maximum differ-ence expected for results on the same test material ondifferent days in the same laboratory, a difference notexpected to be exceeded an average of m

48、ore than once in 20comparisons (95 % probability). E1914repeatability standard deviation, nsee within-laboratorystandard deviation. E1914reproducibility, nsee between-laboratory standarddeviation. E1914E135 163reproducibility index, R, nan estimate of the maximumdifference expected for results on th

49、e same material in twolaboratories, a difference not expected to be exceeded anaverage of more than once in 20 comparisons (95 %probability). E1914reproducibility standard deviation, nsee between-laboratory standard deviation. E1914result, nvalue representing the quantity of analyte that isobtained by applying a method one time to a test material.E1914sample, nin methods of chemical analysis, a portion of amaterial selected and processed to render its compositionrepresentative of the composition o