ASTM D4391-2018 Standard Terminology Relating to The Burning Behavior of Textiles.pdf

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1、Designation: D4391 161D4391 18Standard Terminology Relating toThe Burning Behavior of Textiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4391; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A

2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.The definitions in this standard have been approved by the Society and are included in D123 “Terminology Relating to Textiles”. Theyare published a

3、s a separate collection for the convenience of persons interested in the burning behavior of textiles. A bibliography ofrelated literature is given in Appendix X1.1 NOTETerms from Test Method D1230 were added in April 2016.afterflame, npersistent flaming of a material after the ignition source has b

4、een removed. D13.92 D4391after-flame time, nthe length of time for which a material continues to flame after the ignition source has been removed.D13.92 D4391afterglow, nglow in material after the removal of an external ignition source or after the cessation (natural or induced) of flamingof the mat

5、erial. (See also flame, glow, and smoldering.)afterglow time, nthe time afterglow continues after the cessation of flaming or after removal of the ignition source. D13.92D4391base burn, nthe point at which the flame burns the ground (base) fabric of a raised surface textile fabric and provides aself

6、-sustaining flame.DISCUSSIONBase burn is also known as base fabric ignition or fusing. The base burns used to establish a Class 3 fabric are those burns resulting from surface flashthat occur on specimens in places other than the point of impingement when the warp and fill yarns of a raised surface

7、textile fabric undergocombustion. Base burns can be identified by an opacity change, scorching on the reverse side of the fabric, or when a physical hole is evident.burn time, nthe time elapsed from ignition until the stop thread is severed as measured by the timing mechnsim of the testapparatus.bur

8、ning behavior, nall the changes that take place when materials or products are exposed to a specified ignition source.charring, nthe formation of carbonaceous residue as the result of pyrolysis or incomplete bustible textile, na textile that will ignite and burn or that will give off vapors that wil

9、l ignite and burn when subjected toexternal sources of ignition. (Compare flammable textile, noncombustible textile.)combustion, na chemical process of oxidation that occurs at a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light either as glowor flames.DISCUSSIONSome oxidation such as that of hydro

10、gen emits radiation outside the visible spectrum.critical sewn seams, nin assembly of flame resistant textiles, those sewn junctions where failure would result in immediatedanger or injury.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility

11、 of Subcommittee D13.92 on Terminology.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2016May 1, 2018. Published March 2016May 2018. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20132016 asD4391 93aD4391 16(2013)1. DOI: 10.1520/D4391-16E01.10.1520/D4391-18.This document is not an ASTM standard

12、and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases onl

13、y the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1dangerously flammable textile, n not defined. This term is implied in the Standard for

14、 the Flammability of Clothing Textiles(16 CFR Part 1610) under the Flammable Fabrics Act (15 USC 1191, et seq.) from which a meaning can be inferred. (See alsoflammable textile.)embrittlement, nthe formation of a brittle residue as the result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.exposure energy to

15、thermal end point, nthe thermal energy transferred through a specimen that is sufficient to cause ignitionof contiguous materials. D13.92 D7140fire, nas related to textile flammability, an uncontrolled conflagration in which materials are destroyed by burning as evidencedby flames of varying size an

16、d shape, and a high intensity heat source of 5 kw or greater, such as a burning waste basket,grease-fire on a stove, burning building or forest fire.flame, nas related to textile flammability, a hot luminous zone of gas or matter in gaseous suspension, or both, that is undergoingcombustion, that is

17、relatively constant in size and shape, and that produces a relatively low heat flux. (Compare fire.)DISCUSSIONExamples are a match flame, candle flame, or a Bunsen burner gas flame.flame application time, nthe time for which the ignition flame is applied to a material.flame resistance, nthe property

18、 of a material whereby flaming combustion is prevented, terminated, or inhibited followingapplication of a flaming or nonflaming source of ignition, with or without subsequent removal of the ignition source.DISCUSSIONFlame resistance can be an inherent property of the basic material or product, or i

19、t may be imparted by specific treatment.The degree of flame resistanceexhibited by a specific material during testing may vary with different test conditions.flame resistant, adjindicating characteristics that can enhance inhibition of a textile to flaming.DISCUSSION“Flame resistant” is the governme

20、nt mandated description for certain products that meet established governmental conformance standards orspecifications when the product is tested by a specific method. Where no conformance standards exist, “flame resistant” is a relative term and is usedto compare one material to another.flame retar

21、dant, adjnot defined. This term should not be used as an adjective except in the terms “flame-retardant-treated” and“flame-retardant treatment”.flame retardant, na chemical used to impart flame resistance.flame-retardant-treated, adjhaving received a flame-retardant treatment.DISCUSSIONThe term “fla

22、me-retardant-treated” does not apply to textiles that are inherently-flame-resistant due to the intrinsic properties of the material or thefiber-forming polymer.flame-retardant treatment, na process for incorporating or adding flame retardant(s) to a material or product.DISCUSSIONThe term “flame-ret

23、ardant treatment” does not apply to textiles that are inherently flame resistant due to the intrinsic properties of the material or thefiber-forming polymer.flame spread, nthe propagation of a flame away from the source of ignition. D13.92 D4391flame spread time, nthe time taken by a flame on a burn

24、ing material to travel a specified distance under specified conditions.D13.92 D4391flammability, nthose characteristics of a material that pertain to its relative ease of ignition and relative ability to sustaincombustion.D4391 182flammable textile, nany combustible textile that burns with a flame.

25、(See also flammability. ) (Compare combustible textile,noncombustible textile.)flaming debris, nmaterial which continues to flame as it separates and moves away from the flaming source. D13.92 D4391glow, nvisible, flameless combustion of the solid phase of a material. (See also afterglow and smolder

26、ing.)DISCUSSIONA solid may both glow and give off combustibles that burn in the gas phase (that is, flame) but the two are not necessarily interdependent. Aspectsof glow not involving combustion are defined in dictionaries of general terms.heat durability, nthe extent to which a material retains its

27、 useful properties at ambient air conditions, following its exposureto a specified temperature and environment for a specified time and its return to the ambient air conditions. (Compare heatresistance.)heat durable, adjhaving heat durability.heat flux, nthe thermal intensity indicated by the amount

28、 of power per unit area.DISCUSSIONThe SI unit for heat flux is watts per square meter (W/m2).heat resistance, nthe extent to which a material retains useful properties as measured during exposure of the material to aspecified temperature and environment for a specified time. (Compare heat durability

29、.)heat resistant, adjindicating resilient characteristics that will continue to be present when a textile is exposed to a specifiedelevated temperature for a specified period of time.ignition, nthe initiation of combustion.inherent flame-resistance, nas applied to textiles, flame resistance that der

30、ives from an essential characteristic of the fiber fromwhich the textile is made. (Compare flame resistance.)inherently-flame-resistant, adjhaving inherent flame-resistance.melting, nthe liquefaction of material under the influence of heat.heat, flame or a combination thereof. D13.92 D4391noncombust

31、ible textile, na textile that will neither ignite nor give off vapors that will ignite when subjected to external sourcesof ignition. (Compare combustible textile.)nonflammable textile, nany combustible textile that burns without a flame. (See also glow, smoldering.) (Compare flammabletextile, combu

32、stible textile, noncombustible textile.)refurbish, nas applied to textile products, to brighten or freshen up and restore to wearability or use by cleaning such asdrycleaning, laundering, or steam cleaning.retained sewn seam strength(RSS 50), nfor testing of flame resistant textiles, the mean value

33、of force that results in the failureof a sewn seam assembly after exposure to high heat, open flame, or both.self-extinguishing, nnot defined. The Board of Directors ofASTM has ruled that the term “self-extinguishing” shall not be usedin ASTM standards. It has no meaning except in association with a

34、 specific test method or specific conditions of burning.smoldering, nthe combustion of a solid material without accompaniment of flame but generally with the production of smoke.(See also afterglow and glow.)DISCUSSIONSmoldering can be initiated by small or low temperature sources of ignition, espec

35、ially in loose materials, and may be present for an extended periodof time after which a flame might be produced.surface flash, nthe burning of the surface fibers, with no base fiber burning.wall and top material, nany pliable planar structure used as a nonbase surface in camping tentage including r

36、oofs, sides,windows, screens, door, awnings, flies, and canopies. D13.92 D4391INDEXING TERMSD4391 183This standard is indexed under the following terms: burning behavior, flammability, and terminology.APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. RELATED LITERATURE(1) “Establishing World Flammability Terms”

37、, Textile World Vol 126 No. 6, June 1975, pp. 107109.(2) ASTM Standard E176“ Terminology Relating to Fire Standards.”(3) Gaskill, James R., “Concept of Smoke and Fire Gases,” Standardization News Vol 7 No. 12, December 1979, pp. 2324.(4) “Burning Behavior of Textiles and Textile ProductsVocabulary:

38、Part 1” Draft International Standard ISO/DIS 4880/1.(5) “Burning Behavior of Textiles and Textile ProductsVocabulary: Part 2” Draft International Standard ISO/DIS 4880/2.(6) Warren Y. Kimbal, Fire Department Terminology, 4th ed., National Fire Protection Association, Boston (1970).(7) Kuvshinoff, B. W., Fire Sciences Dictionary, John Wiley or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 184