ASTM D1336-2007(2015) Standard Test Method for Distortion of Yarn in Woven Fabrics《机织物中纱线扭曲度的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: D1336 07 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Test Method forDistortion of Yarn in Woven Fabrics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1336; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision

2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of yarndistortion of one set of yarns over the other in woven clothfollowing the applicatio

3、n of surface friction. This test methodespecially is applicable to open-weave fabrics, such as nettings,marquisettes, gauzes, chiffons, and heavier fabrics made fromslippery surface yarns.NOTE 1For the determination of yarn slippage in woven fabrics, referto Test Method D434.1.2 The values stated in

4、 SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses areprovided for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-pr

5、iate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD434 Test Method for Resistance to Slippage of Yarns inWoven Fabrics Using a Standard Seam (Withdrawn2003)3D1776 Pr

6、actice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethods2.2 Federal Standard:Federal Test Method Standard 191Method 5410 SlippageResistance of Yarns in Cloth, Yarn Distortion Method43. Terminology3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric TestM

7、ethods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: yarndistortion.3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer toTerminology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A specimen is subjected to a specified shearing forceacting in the plane of the

8、 fabric. The degree to which the forcecauses yarns to shift distorting the original symmetry of theweave is taken as a measure of ease of yarn distortion in thefabric. The degree of distortion is reported in terms of thewidest opening, measured in hundredths of an inch.5. Significance and Use5.1 Thi

9、s test method is considered satisfactory for accep-tance testing of commercial shipments because current esti-mates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and themethod has been used extensively in the trade for acceptancetesting.5.2 In cases of dispute, the statistical bias, if any, between

10、the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the sellershould be determined, with each comparison being based ontesting randomized specimens from one sample of fabric.5.3 This test method is used as an indication of the propen-sity of yarns to shift or distort in a fabric. Such distortions

11、areobjectionable due to the resulting changes in appearance.These appearance changes are sometimes referred to as “fingermarks” or “shift marks.”5.4 It is recommended that fabrics be tested in their originalcondition and also after laundering or drycleaning, or both,depending upon the intended use o

12、f the material.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods,General.Current edition approved July 1, 2015. Published September 2015. Originallyapproved in 1954. Last previous edition approve

13、d in 2011 as D1337 07(2011).DOI: 10.1520/D1336-07R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The las

14、t approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from General Services Administrations, Specification and ConsumerInformation and Distribution Section (WFSIS), Washington, Navy Yard, Building197, Washington, DC 20407.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor

15、 Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16. Apparatus6.1 Fabric Shift Tester5, as shown in Fig. 1, including:6.1.1 Cylindrical Rubber Friction Drums, consisting of apair of rubber drums mounted one above the other on the testerin such a way that the specimen may be insert

16、ed between theirtwo circular contacting surfaces. Each drum shall be 19 mm(0.75 in.) in diameter and have a Shore Durometer hardness of55 to 60 (A scale). The lower drum shall be 51 mm (2 in.) inlength, fastened to the platform of the apparatus. Facilities shallbe provided for rotation of the drums

17、in the mounting framebetween tests. The upper drum shall be 25 mm (1 in.) in length,have the same provisions for rotation as the lower one, andshall be so mounted that a total force of 4.5 to 18 N (1 to 4 lbf)can be exerted upon the specimen by means of a lever arm andmovable weight.NOTE 2The term “

18、weight” is used temporarily in this test methodbecause of established trade usage. The word weight is used to mean both“force” and “mass,” and care must be taken to determine which is meantin each case (SI unit for force = newton and for mass = kilogram).6.1.2 Mounting Frame or Bracket, designed to

19、hold thespecimen under uniform tension. The frame shall consist of arectangle whose inside dimensions are 102 by 153 mm (4 by 6in.). The 153-mm (4-in.) sides shall be rectangular screwclamps 10 mm (0.375 in.) wide, with the gripping surfacessuitably grooved, taped, or otherwise designed or modified

20、tominimize slipping of the specimen in the clamps during thetest. The frame, when placed in the test position on the rails,shall be free to slide as a carriage in a plane perpendicular tothe plane of the areas of the friction drums.6.1.3 Hand-Crank Arrangement, for 25 mm (1 in.) recipro-cating motio

21、n of the carriage. This device, or reciprocatingarm, shall have a cam attachment that lifts the upper drum inthe return motion.6.1.4 Rails, two sets, fixed and spaced on the platform of thetester, for supporting the carriage.6.2 Jig, for mounting the specimen in the frame undertension of 22.2 6 0.22

22、 N (5 6 0.05 lbf). A suitable deviceconsists of a clamp and weight (Fig. 1) having a total mass of2.3 kg (5 lb).6.3 Steel Scale, graduated in a 0.2 mm (0.01 in.).6.4 Dividers.5The United States Testing Company, Inc., 1415 ParkAve., Hoboken, NJ 07030.The apparatus is described in Federal Test Method

23、Standard 191-Method 5410.FIG. 1 Fabric Shift TesterD1336 07 (2015)26.5 Magnifying Device, 5 power.7. Sampling, Selection and Number of Specimens7.1 Take a lot sample and a laboratory sample as directed inthe applicable material specification or as agreed upon by thepurchaser and the supplier. In the

24、 absence of such a specifica-tion or agreement, take one representative sample from each lotof rolls, pieces, or consumer items.NOTE 3A realistic specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variabilitybetween primary sampling units and with

25、in primary sampling units so asto provide a sampling plan, which has a meaningful producers risk,consumers risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level. A lotsample normally consists of a very small fraction of the total primarysampling units.7.2 Take five specimens from each laborator

26、y sampling unit(roll, piece, or consumer item) with the long dimension parallelto the yarns that have the greater resistance to shifting and takethem from undisturbed portions of the fabric.7.3 Whenever possible, take specimens such that no twospecimens are taken from the same warp yarns or fillingb

27、obbins and at such places that no specimen is nearer to theselvage than one-tenth the width of the fabric.7.4 Designate as “warp specimens” those specimens cutwith their long dimension parallel with the filling, and as“filling specimens” those cut with their long dimension parallelwith the warp.7.5

28、When testing after laundering or drycleaning, prepare aseparate set of specimens from a swatch of fabric from thelaboratory sample.7.5.1 Because of the many end-uses and means ofrefurbishing, the procedure used for laundering or drycleaningmust be agreed upon by the purchaser and the supplier.8. Con

29、ditioning8.1 Condition samples for testing as directed in PracticeD1776, except that preconditioning is not necessary.9. Preparation of Specimens9.1 Preliminary Test (Thumb and Finger Test)With thethumb and forefinger touching opposite surfaces of the fabric,exert a shearing motion to produce a fric

30、tional force that is highenough to produce a shift mark and estimate the direction ofleast resistance to yarn shifting. Where insufficient evidence ofthe direction of least resistance is noted by the thumb andfinger test, cut one specimen in each direction and determinethe resistance mechanically as

31、 directed in Section 10.9.2 From each sample cut five specimens 102 by 203 6 2mm (4 by 8 6 0.1 in.) with the longer dimension parallel to theset of yarns having the greater resistance to shifting asdetermined by the preliminary test.9.3 Pull a yarn at the edge of the specimen in both the warpand fil

32、ling directions to aid in aligning the specimen in themounting frame of the tester.10. Procedure10.1 Verify and establish the weight location on the momentarm of the tester using a calibrated spring scale, or equivalent,and adjust the weight position as needed to provide therequired force.NOTE 4Some

33、 instruments may not provide the designated force at themanufacturers marked location.10.2 Test the specimens in the standard atmosphere fortesting textiles.10.3 Place the specimen vertically in the frame with thewarp or filling yarns parallel to the sides of the frame. Clampone 102-mm (4-in.) end o

34、f the specimen to one end of theframe. Apply the 2.3-kg (5-lb) weight across the opposite102-mm (4-in.) width of the specimen and fasten the secondclamp securely. Remove the weight and clamp.10.4 Raise the upper friction drum on its weighted lever andplace the frame between the drums, positioning it

35、 at theextreme end of its travel on the rails.10.5 Adjust the weight of the upper friction drum to providethe force specified in the material specification and lower thelever arm gently so that the drum rests on the specimen. In theabsence of such a specification use the force described in Table1.10

36、.6 Make two rotations on the hand crank at a speed ofapproximately 30 rpm to slide the carriage back and forth overa distance of 25 mm (1 in.), causing the cloth to slip twicebetween the friction drums. Locate the area of friction on thespecimen centrally between the clamps, approximately 13 mm(0.5

37、in.) from one edge of the specimen.10.7 Transfer the carriage to the second pair of rails andrepeat the test to cause another area of friction 13 mm (0.5 in.)from the other long edge of the specimen.10.8 Turn the rubber surfaces of the friction drums in theirclamps to present a new surface after eve

38、ry 40 rubbing cycles.Replace the drums after each complete revolution in theirclamps. When not in use, keep the friction drums from comingin contact with each other.10.9 Remove the carriage from the rails, and remove thespecimen carefully from the frame and tape it without tensionon a flat, smooth s

39、urface having a contrasting color.10.10 Allow the specimen to relax for 15 min after removalfrom the frame. Measure the widest opening of each shift mark,or distorted yarn group, as illustrated in Fig. 2 to the nearest 0.2mm (0.01 in.). Make the measurement under magnification,using a pair of divide

40、rs and graduated scale.TABLE 1 Force to Be Applied to FabricForce N (lbf) Type of Fabric4.4 (1) blouse, dress, scarf, and window curtain8.9 (2) bathrobe, beachwear, bedspread, drapery, dressinggown, decorative pillow, lining, rapery, necktie,shirting, sleepwear, tablecloth, and underwear18.0 (4) coa

41、t, comforter, sportswear, suiting, umbrella, anduniformD1336 07 (2015)310.11 The width of the shifted area should measure 25.4mm (1 in.). If it is less than 25.4 mm (1 in.), the test should bediscarded as it indicates that the test was either run improperlyor the apparatus is out of adjustment.11. C

42、alculation11.1 Calculate the individual specimen average openingwidth from the two two-stroke shift marks to the nearest 0.2mm (0.01 in.).11.2 Calculate the average slippage of the five tested speci-mens to the nearest 0.2 mm (0.01 in.).11.3 Consider test results that show unshifted or nonalignedyar

43、ns as illustrated in Fig. 2 as unmeasurable. The nonalignedcondition may be corrected by proper alignment of the speci-men as provided in 10.1.12. Report12.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed in TestMethod D1336. Describe the material or product sampled, andthe method of sampling used

44、.12.2 Report the following information:12.2.1 The yarn distortion for each laboratory sampling unitand for the lot,12.2.2 The number of specimens tested,12.2.3 The drycleaning or laundering procedure used, if any,12.2.4 The force used,12.2.5 Whether the warp or the filling yarns were distorted,and,1

45、2.2.6 For any test result considered unmeasurable, reportthe nature of the resistance and the direction.13. Precision and Bias13.1 Interlaboratory Test6An interlaboratory test was runin 1970 in which four laboratories each tested ten specimensfrom each of five materials. Each laboratory had one oper

46、atortest each material. All 40 specimens of each material camefrom the same sample. The components of variance for yarndistortion expressed as standard deviations were calculated tobe:mm (in.)Single-material comparisonsSingle-operator component 6.35 (0.25)Within-laboratory component 0.00 (0.00)Betwe

47、en-laboratory component 0.00 (0.00)Multi-material comparisonsSingle-operator component 0.00 (0.00)Within-laboratory component 0.00 (0.00)Between-laboratory component 2.03 (0.08)NOTE 5Where separate components of variance are shown formulti-material components, (1) the multi-material, single-operator

48、 com-ponent is due to an operator times material (within-laboratories) interac-tion and is combined with the single-material, single-operator componentin calculating critical differences, and (2) any increase in the multi-material, between-laboratory component is due to a material timeslaboratory in

49、teraction.13.2 PrecisionFor the components of variance reported in13.1, two averages of observed values should be consideredsignificantly different at the 95 % probability level if thedifference equals or exceeds the critical differences for yarndistortion listed below:Number ofObservations inEach AverageCritical DifferencesAmm (in.), for the Conditions NotedSingle-Operator Precision Between-Laboratory PrecisionSingle-material Comparisonsmm (in.) mm (in.)1 17.5 (0.69) 17.5 (0.69)2 12.4 (0.49) 12.4 (0.49)5 7.9 (0.31) 7.9 (0.31)10 5.6 (0.22) 5.6 (0.22)Multi-material Com