ASTM C999-2005 Standard Practice for Soil Sample Preparation for the Determination of Radionuclides《放射性核素测定用土壤试样制备的标准实施规程》.pdf

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1、Designation: C 999 05Standard Practice forSoil Sample Preparation for the Determination ofRadionuclides1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 999; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev

2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the preparation of surface soilsamples collected for chemical analysis of radionuclides,particularly ura

3、nium and plutonium. This practice describesone acceptable approach to the preparation of soil samples forradiochemical analysis.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish

4、appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazardstatement is given in Note 1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 998 Practice for Sampling Surface Soil for RadionuclidesE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Si

5、eve for TestingPurposes3. Summary of Practice3.1 Guidance is provided for the preparation of a homoge-neous soil sample from ten composited core samples (aggre-gate weight of 4 to 5 kg) collected as to be representative of thearea.4. Significance and Use4.1 Soil samples prepared for radionuclide ana

6、lyses by thispractice can be used to monitor fallout distribution fromnuclear facilities. This practice is intended to produce ahomogeneous sample from which a relatively small aliquot (10g) may be drawn for radiochemical analyses.4.2 Most nuclear facilities fulfill major requirements of theirmonito

7、ring programs by gamma-ray spectrometry measure-ments of soil.Awidely used practice for these measurements isto fill a calibrated sample container, such as a Marinelli beaker(;600-mL volume), with a homogenized soil sample. Bypreparing the entire soil core collection, sufficient homoge-neous sample

8、is available for radiochemical and gamma-rayspectrometry measurements.5. Apparatus5.1 Scale, capacity of 10 kg.5.2 Drying Oven, able to maintain 62C.5.3 Pans, disposable aluminum.5.4 Jar Mill, capacity for 7.57-L (2-gal) cans.5.5 Steel Cans and Lids, 7.57-L (2-gal).5.6 Ceramic Rods, 21 by 21-mm (131

9、6 by1316-in.) or steelgrinding balls, 25.4-mm (1-in.) diameter.5.7 Sieve, U.S. Series No. 35 (500-m or 32 mesh).5.8 Plastic Bottles, 7.57-L (2-gal).6. Procedure6.1 Label a cleaned 7.57-L (2gal) steel can and lid with aunique laboratory code number.6.2 Weigh the labeled steel can and lid. Record the

10、weight.6.3 Transfer the ten soil cores (including vegetation) fromthe field collection containers into the labeled, preweighedsteel can. Do not pack the can full. Place the steel lid looselyon the can.NOTE 1Warning: Wear gloves throughout the preparation procedureto minimize the possibility of fungu

11、s infection.6.4 Weigh the sample cores, steel can, and lid to 650 g.Record the weight.6.5 Remove the lid and place the sample in a 110C dryingoven for 24 h or longer, depending on the depth of soil in thecan, until the sample has reached constant weight.6.6 Remove the sample from the oven, cap the c

12、an with itslid, and cool to room temperature.6.7 Weigh the dried sample cores, steel can, and lid to 650g. Record the weight.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on NuclearFuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.05 on TestMethods.Current edition appr

13、oved June 1, 2005. Published June 2005. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as C 999 90 (2000).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,

14、 refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.8 Remove the can lid and add 10 to 12 ceramic rods (21by 21-mm) or steel balls (25.4mm diameter) to the can.6.9 Replac

15、e the lid and tightly seal the sample can.6.10 Place the sample can on a jar mill for at least 4 h, orovernight if possible, at 30 r/min.6.11 Remove the sample can from the mill and place in ahood.6.12 Allow the sample to settle for a few minutes.6.13 Label a 7.57-L (2-gal) plastic jar and cap with

16、thelaboratory code number of the sample.6.14 Remove the lid from the sample can and transfer aportion of the sample to a U.S. Series No. 35 (500-m or 32mesh) sieve.6.15 Sieve the sample and transfer the sieved fraction to theprelabeled plastic jar.6.16 Repeat the sieving and transfer steps until the

17、 entiresample has been processed.6.17 Remove the ceramic rods or steel balls from theunsieved material.6.18 Place the unsieved material in the can and replace thelid.6.19 Weigh, record the weight, and discard the unsievedmaterial and can.NOTE 2Caution: The unsieved material should consist of rocks,s

18、tones, and sandy matter. If soil clumps remain, additional milling isrequired.NOTE 3Caution: The ceramic or steel grinding media and the sievemust be cleaned thoroughly prior to reuse to eliminate the possibility ofcross-contamination of samples.6.20 Remove a suitable aliquot of the sample from the

19、jarfor radiochemical analysis.6.21 Cap the sample jar tightly. Wash and dry the outside ofthe container prior to storage.7. Calculation7.1 Wet Weight of the Composited Soil CoresThe wetweight (W) of the composited soil cores is the weight measuredprior to oven-drying the cores as follows:W 5 T 2 C (

20、1)where:W = wet weight of the composited soil cores, g,T = weight of the soil cores, steel can, and lid, g (from6.4), andC = weight of the empty steel can and lid, g (from 6.2).7.2 Dry Weight of the Composited Soil CoresThe dry-weight (D) of the composited soil cores is the weight measuredafter dryi

21、ng the cores at 110C as follows:D 5 N 2 C (2)where:D = dry (110C) weight of the soil cores, g,N = weight of the dried (110C) soil cores, steel can, andlid, g (from 6.7), andC = weight of the empty steel can and lid, g (from 6.2).7.3 Bulk Density of the Soil CoresThe bulk density (B)ofthe soil cores

22、may be estimated from the wet weight of thecores (W) and the number of cores collected for compositing,times the volume of the sampling corer used in the fieldcollection.B 5 W!/F 3 V!(3)where:B = bulk density of the composited soil cores, g/cm3,W = weight of the composited soil cores, g, (from 7.1),

23、F = number of soil cores collected and composited (10cores in accordance with Practice C 998), andV = volume of sampling corer used for the field collection,cm3.7.4 Weight of Unsieved MaterialThe weight of the un-sieved material, consisting primarily of rocks and stones, isobtained for documentation

24、 purposes.8. Keywords8.1 environmental; preparation; radionuclides; soilC999052APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. RATIONALEX1.1 A soil sampling and analysis program provides adirect means of determining the concentration and distributionpattern of radionuclides in the environs of nuclear faciliti

25、es.3X1.2 This practice was developed to minimize samplehandling and economic costs while providing a final samplehomogeneity adequate for the intended radiochemical analy-ses. For these reasons, the soil cores collected in the field aretreated as a single sample without preliminary subdivision intoa

26、rbitrary fractions, such as +2-mm or 2-mm sizes. Vegetationis not separated from the cores because it contributes little tothe volume or bulk density of the sample. Rocks and stonesallowed to remain in the sample during the milling operationact as additional grinding media. After the milling operati

27、on,the rocks and stones may be discarded because these materialswould not contain radionuclides originating from a nuclearfacility release.X1.3 The milling of the soil to No. 35 (500-m or 32 mesh,see Table X1.1) sieve size is based on consideration of theparticle size of plutonium present in soil at

28、 three sites ofreleases. Tamura4developed empirical information whichshows that essentially 100 % of the plutonium is present in theNo. 35 sieve fraction. Also see Specification E11.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item

29、 mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical commi

30、ttee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a me

31、eting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,

32、 PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org)

33、.3“Measurements of Radionuclides in the Environment: Sampling and Analysisof Plutonium in Soil,” Atomic Energy Commission Regulatory Guide 4.5, May1974.4Tamura, T., “Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Plutonium in ExistingContaminated Soils and Sediments,” Proceedings of the Symposium on Trans

34、ura-nium Nuclides in the Environment, IAEA Pub ST1/PUB/410, Vienna, 1976.TABLE X1.1 Various Sieve Size DesignationsU.S. Series DesignationTylerScreenScaleEquivalentSieve Opening,in. (approximateequivalent)Alternative StandardNo. 4 4.75 mm 4 mesh 0.187No. 6 3.35 mm 6 mesh 0.132No. 8 2.36 mm 8 mesh 0.

35、0937No. 10 2.00 mm 9 mesh 0.0787No. 12 1.70 mm 10 mesh 0.0661No. 14 1.40 mm 12 mesh 0.0555No. 16 1.18 mm 14 mesh 0.0469No. 18 1.00 mm 16 mesh 0.0394No. 20 850 m 20 mesh 0.0331No. 30 600 m 28 mesh 0.0234No. 35 500 m 32 mesh 0.0197No. 40 425 m 35 mesh 0.0165No. 45 355 m 42 mesh 0.0139No. 50 300 m 48 m

36、esh 0.0117No. 60 250 m 60 mesh 0.0098No. 70 212 m 65 mesh 0.0083No. 80 180 m 80 mesh 0.0070No. 100 150 m 100 mesh 0.0059No. 120 125 m 115 mesh 0.0049No. 140 106 m 150 mesh 0.0041No. 170 90 m 170 mesh 0.0035No. 200 75 m 200 mesh 0.0029No. 230 63 m 250 mesh 0.0025No. 270 53 m 270 mesh 0.0021No. 325 45 m 325 mesh 0.0017C999053