ASTM E3053-2018e1 Standard Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Wood Heaters Using Cordwood Test Fuel.pdf

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1、Designation: E3053 181Standard Test Method forDetermining Particulate Matter Emissions from WoodHeaters Using Cordwood Test Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3053; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revis

2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTESection references in 8.4.2.3 were corrected editorially in October 2018.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers

3、 the fueling and operatingprotocol for determining average particulate matter emissionsfrom wood fires in wood-burning room heaters and fireplaceinserts as well as options for determining heat output,efficiency, and carbon monoxide emissions.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regard

4、edas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user o

5、f this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Refer to 4.3.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization estab

6、lished in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D7438 Practice for Field Calibration and Application ofHand-Hel

7、d Moisture MetersE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE2515 Test Method for Determination of Particulate MatterEmissions Collected by a Dilution TunnelE2780 Test Method for Determining Particulate MatterEmissions from Wood Heaters2.2 Other Standards:ANSI/UL-103

8、 Standard for Factory-Built Chimneys forResidential Type and Building Heating Appliances3CSA B415.1 Performance testing of solid-fuel-burning heat-ing appliances4NIST Monograph 175 Temperature-Electromotive ForceReference Functions and Tables for the Letter-DesignatedThermocouple Types Based on the

9、ITS-905NIST 105-1: Specifications and Tolerances for Field Stan-dard Weights (NIST Class F)52.3 ASTM Adjunct:6Adjunct to ASTM E3053, Excel7Files for CordwoodCalculator and Wood Heater Cordwood Test Summary3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of general terms related to buildingconstru

10、ction used in this test method, refer to TerminologyE631.3.1.2 For definitions of general terms related to fire testingused in this test method, refer to Terminology E176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 burn rate, nthe rate at which fuel is consumed in awood heater.3.2.2 com

11、bustion air control, nan air control device thatregulates air to the wood heater that is primarily intended topromote pyrolysis of the fuel load.3.2.3 cordwood, nconventional firewood, it is typicallyround wood 12 to 24 in. (300 to 600 mm) long that has been1This test method is under the jurisdictio

12、n of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.54on Solid Fuel Burning Appliances.Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published May 2018. Originallyapproved in 2017. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as E305317. DOI:10.1520/E305318E01

13、.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 2600 N.W. La

14、ke Rd., Camas,WA 98607-8542, http:/.4Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 178 Rexdale Blvd.,Toronto, ON, Canada M9W 1R3, http:/www.csagroup.org.5Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http:/www.nist

15、.gov.6Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJE305317-EA. Original adjunct produced in 2017.7Excel is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis inte

16、rnational standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Co

17、mmittee.1split into triangular, half-round, quarter-round, wedge-shaped,or trapezoidal segments.3.2.4 firebox, nthe chamber in the wood heater in whichthe test fuel load is placed and combusted.3.2.5 firebox height, nunless otherwise specified in themanufacturers written instructions included with t

18、he heater,firebox height is the vertical distance extending above theloading door, if fuel could reasonably occupy that space, butnot more than 2 in. (50 mm) above the top (peak height) of theloading door, to the floor of the firebox, (that is, below apermanent grate) if the grate allows a 1-in. (25

19、-mm) diameterpiece of fuel to pass through the grate, or, if not, to the top ofthe grate.3.2.5.1 DiscussionFirebox height is not necessarily uni-form. Variations are caused by internal baffles, air channels, orother permanent obstructions. A visible indicator or landmarkwithin the firebox that will

20、provide a clear indication to theheater user of the maximum height that fuel should be loaded,and is specifically referenced in the manufacturers writteninstructions, may be used to determine firebox height for thepurposes of calculating usable firebox volume.3.2.6 firebox length, nthe longest horiz

21、ontal firebox di-mension where fuel pieces might reasonably be expected to beplaced in accordance with the manufacturers written instruc-tions that is parallel to a wall of the chamber, in. (mm).3.2.7 firebox width, nthe shortest horizontal firebox di-mension where fuel pieces might reasonably be ex

22、pected to beplaced in accordance with the manufacturers written instruc-tions that is parallel to a wall of the chamber, in. (mm).3.2.8 fuel piece length, nthe nominal length of the cord-wood fuel pieces that comprise the test fuel load, in. (mm).3.2.9 kindling, nsplit cordwood fuel pieces used to i

23、gnitethe start-up fuel and the test fuel load from a cold startcondition. Applies to high fire test runs only.3.2.10 manufacturers written instructions, nspecific in-formation regarding the fueling and operation proceduresrecommended by the heater manufacturer and included withthe heater at the time

24、 of testing.3.2.10.1 DiscussionThese instructions may include spe-cific kindling and fueling instructions and recommendationssuch as kindling dimensions and placement (including news-paper) and ignition, dimensions of start-up fuel pieces, additionand placement of the start-up fuel, addition and pla

25、cement ofthe main fuel load, position of the load door(s), and settingheater controls (including bypass dampers, if applicable) dur-ing start-up and subsequent operation. Instructions for refuel-ing a hot heater when residual fuel and charcoal are present inthe firebox also may be included. These in

26、structions must beconsistent with information provided to the heater end-user inthe owners manual but also may include information that willbe useful only during testing and not to the end-user.3.2.11 owners manual, nwritten information provided tothe wood heater end-user regarding the proper instal

27、lation andoperation of the wood heater.3.2.11.1 DiscussionIncludes recommended kindling,fueling, and operating procedures that will help the heater userto achieve the best heater emissions and efficiency perfor-mance. It also is referred to as the installation and operationguide or other equivalent

28、title.3.2.12 particulate matter (PM), nall gas-borne matterresulting from combustion of solid fuel, as specified in this testmethod, which is collected in accordance with Test MethodE2515.3.2.13 primary combustion air control(s), nan air controldevice (s) that regulates airflow to the wood heater th

29、at isprimarily intended to regulate the rate of fuel consumption andheat output.3.2.13.1 DiscussionThere may be single, multiple, orautomatic primary air controls.3.2.14 residual start-up fuel, nleftover fuel present in thefirebox at the time the test fuel load is added during high firetest runs.3.2

30、.14.1 DiscussionMay include charcoal and partiallyburned or unburned kindling and/or start-up fuel.3.2.15 secondary combustion air control(s), nan air con-trol device(s) that regulates airflow to the wood heater that isprimarily intended to provide the additional oxygen needed topromote secondary co

31、mbustion of the combustible materialsreleased during pyrolysis of the fuel.3.2.15.1 DiscussionThere may be single, multiple, orautomatic secondary combustion air controls.3.2.16 single burn rate heater, nwood heater withoutuser-adjustable primary combustion air control(s).3.2.17 start-up fuel, nspli

32、t cordwood pieces intended toprovide residual fuel (charcoal or partially burned wood) forignition of the test fuel load. Applies to high fire test runs only.3.2.18 test facility, nthe area in which the wood heater isinstalled, operated, and sampled for emissions and efficiency.3.2.19 test fuel load

33、, na specified grouping of test fuelpieces.3.2.20 test fuel loading density, nthe weight of the as-firedtest fuel load per unit volume of usable firebox, lb/ft3(kg/m3).3.2.21 test fuel pieces, nthe individual cordwood piecesthat comprise the test fuel load.3.2.22 test fuel specific gravity, nthe nom

34、inal dry basis(oven dry weight and oven dry volume) specific gravity of testfuel load, kindling, and start-up fuel.3.2.23 test fuel sub-load, na division of the test fuel loadfor the sole purposes of specifying the test fuel pieces thatcomprise the test fuel load.3.2.24 test run, nan individual emis

35、sion/efficiency test.3.2.25 test series, na group of test runs on the same woodheater which includes at least one test run in each burn ratecategory.3.2.26 usable firebox volume, nthe volume of the fireboxdetermined using its height, length, and width as defined in thissection, ft3(m3).3.2.27 wood h

36、eater, nan enclosed, wood burning appli-ance capable of, and intended for, space heating and/ordomestic water heating. This includes wood heaters designedE3053 1812for installation in a fireplace cavity, that is, fireplace inserts,and wood heaters that are built into a wall. Includes adjustableburn

37、rate and single burn rate wood heaters.3.2.28 wood heater empty weight, nthe weight of thecleaned, dry wood heater with or without dry ash or sand addedconsistent with the manufacturers written instructions, lb (kg).4. Summary of Test Method84.1 This test method is used in conjunction with TestMetho

38、d E2515. The wood heater under evaluation is fueled bycordwood test fuel loads. Test runs employ either a hot-to-hotcycle or a cold-to-hot cycle depending on the burn ratecategory of the test run. The test fuel pieces must be within theallowable range of specific gravity. The test fuel load weightan

39、d composition is determined based on the usable fireboxvolume of the heater. For low and medium fire test runs, acharcoal bed is established by conducting a full high fire testrun. That high fire test run may be an actual test run or may bejust for the purpose of establishing the charcoal bed for a

40、lowor medium fire test run. The test fuel load is placed on thecharcoal bed and given time to ignite before the air control(s)is (are) set to the test run condition.4.1.1 For the low and medium fire test runs, particulateemission sampling and efficiency measurements begin imme-diately prior to addit

41、ion of the test fuel load to the firebox andend when the test run is terminated in accordance with thespecifications in the method.4.1.2 For the high fire test runs, the test run for the purposesof determining emission rate or emission factor begins with acold (see 8.5.1) empty (see 8.2.1) firebox.

42、Kindling (andcrumpled newspaper, if specified) are used to ignite start-upfuel pieces which, in turn, are used to ignite the test fuel loadfollowing manufacturers written instructions. Particulateemission sampling begins before the kindling is ignited andends when the test run is terminated in accor

43、dance with thespecifications in the method.4.1.3 For low fire, medium fire, and high fire test runs,efficiency is determined on a hot-to-hot cycle and efficiencyparameter measurements begin when the test fuel load is addedto the firebox and end when the test run is terminated inaccordance with the s

44、pecifications in the method.4.1.4 For low fire, medium fire, and high fire test runs,average burn rate is determined on a hot-to-hot basis and isbased on the weight of the portion of the test fuel load burnedduring the test run divided by the duration of the test runbeginning when the test fuel load

45、 is added to the firebox andending when the test run is terminated. Burn rate for all testruns is adjusted to a dry fuel weight basis.4.1.5 The total particulate emissions are determined overthe test run duration. The particulate emissions rate is thendetermined from the total particulate emissions

46、divided by theduration of the test run and is reported in grams of particulateper hour. The test run duration for the high fire test for purposesof determining particulate emission rate includes the kindlingand start-up fuel period before the test fuel load is added to thefirebox. The particulate em

47、ission factor lb/lb (g/kg) also maybe determined from the total particulate emissions divided bythe dry basis weight of the total fuel weight burned and isreported in pounds of particulate per dry pound of fuel (gramsof particulate per dry kilogram of fuel). For high fire test runs,the total test fu

48、el weight when determining emission factorincludes any kindling and start-up fuel consumed before thetest fuel load is added less any fuel remaining at the end of thetest run.4.1.6 This test method also may be used in conjunction withAnnex A1 and CSA B415.1 for determining heat output andefficiency.

49、 If heat output and efficiency are determined, par-ticulate emissions per unit of heat output also may be calcu-lated and is reported in pounds of particulate per million Btu ofheat output (grams of particulate per megajoule). For low andmedium fire test runs, the efficiency, heat output, and particu-late emissions per unit of heat output are determined on ahot-to-hot cycle. For high fire test runs, particulate emissionsare determined for the entire test run, including the cold start(kindling and start-up) portion. However,