ASTM E800-2007 Standard Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Generated During Fires《火灾时现有气体或所产生气体的测量用标准指南》.pdf

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1、Designation: E 800 07An American National StandardStandard Guide forMeasurement of Gases Present or Generated During Fires1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 800; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t

2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 Analytical methods for th

3、e measurement of carbonmonoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen oxides, sulfuroxides, carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen halides, hydrogen cyanide,aldehydes, and hydrocarbons are described, along with sam-pling considerations. Many of these gases may be present inany fire environment. Several analytical t

4、echniques are de-scribed for each gaseous species, together with advantages anddisadvantages of each. The test environment, sampling con-straints, analytical range, and accuracy often dictate use of oneanalytical method over another.1.2 These techniques have been used to measure gasesunder fire test

5、 conditions (laboratory, small scale, or full scale).With proper sampling considerations, any of these methodscould be used for measurement in most fire environments.1.3 This document is intended to be a guide for investigatorsand for subcommittee use in developing standard test methods.A single ana

6、lytical technique has not been recommended forany chemical species unless that technique is the only oneavailable.1.4 The techniques described herein determine the concen-tration of a specific gas in the total sample taken. Thesetechniques do not determine the total amount of fire gases thatwould be

7、 generated by a specimen during conduct of a fire test.1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assembles to heat and flameunder controlled conditions but does not by itself incorporateall factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the

8、materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the appli

9、ca-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD 2036 Test Methods for Cyanides in WaterD 3612 Test Method for Analysis of Gases Dissolved inElectrical

10、 Insulating Oil by Gas ChromatographyD 6696 Guide for Understanding Cyanide SpeciesD 6888 Test Method for Available Cyanide with LigandDisplacement and Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) UtilizingGas Diffusion Separation and Amperometric DetectionD 7295 Practice for Sampling and Determination of Hydro-ge

11、n Cyanide (HCN) in Combustion Effluents and OtherStationary SourcesE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 535 Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Stan-dardsE 603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE 662 Test Method for Spec

12、ific Optical Density of SmokeGenerated by Solid Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions used in this guide are in accor-dance with Terminology D 123, Terminology D 1356, Termi-nology E 176, and Practice E 535 unless otherwise indicated.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2

13、.1 batch samplingsampling over some time period insuch a way as to produce a single test sample for analysis.3.2.2 combustion products, nairborne effluent from amaterial undergoing combustion; this may also include pyroly-sates.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E05 on Fire Stand

14、ardsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and CombustionProducts.Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E 800 06.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.or

15、g, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.2.1 Discu

16、ssioncombustion products without mass,such as heat or other radiation, are not addressed in this guide.3.2.3 fire test, na procedure, not necessarily a standardtest method, in which the response of materials to heat orflame, or both, under controlled conditions is measured orotherwise described.3.2.

17、4 sample integritythe unimpaired chemical composi-tion of a test sample upon the extraction of said test sample foranalysis.3.2.5 samplinga process whereby a test sample is ex-tracted from a fire test environment.3.2.6 test samplea representative part of the experimentalenvironment (gases, liquids,

18、or solids), for purposes of analy-sis.4. Significance and Use4.1 Because of the loss of life in fires from inhalation of firegases, much attention has been focused on the analyses of thesespecies. Analysis has involved several new or modified meth-ods, since common analytical techniques have often p

19、roven tobe inappropriate for the combinations of various gases and lowconcentrations existing in fire gas mixtures.4.2 In the measurement of fire gases, it is imperative to useprocedures that are both reliable and appropriate to the uniqueatmosphere of a given fire environment. To maximize thereliab

20、ility of test results, it is essential to establish the follow-ing:4.2.1 That gaseous samples are representative of the com-positions existing at the point of sampling,4.2.2 That transfer and pretreatment of samples occur with-out loss, or with known efficiency, and4.2.3 That data provided by the an

21、alytical instruments areaccurate for the compositions and concentrations at the point ofsampling.4.3 This document includes a comprehensive survey thatwill permit an individual, technically skilled and practiced inthe study of analytical chemistry, to select a suitable techniquefrom among the altern

22、atives. It will not provide enoughinformation for the setup and use of a procedure (this infor-mation is available in the references).4.4 Data generated by the use of techniques cited in thisdocument should not be used to rank materials for regulatorypurposes.5. Sampling5.1 More errors in analysis r

23、esult from poor and incorrectsampling than from any other part of the measurement process(1, 2).3It is therefore essential to devote special attention tosampling, sample transfer, and pretreatment aspects of theanalysis procedures.5.2 Planning for AnalysisDefinitive answers should besought and provi

24、ded to the following questions during theplanning stage: (1) Why is the sampling (analysis) beingperformed? (2) What needs to be measured? (3) Where willsamples be taken? (4) When does one sample? (5) How aresamples collected? (3).5.2.1 All aspects of sampling and analysis relate to thefundamental r

25、easons for performing the analysis. Analysis ofcombustion products is normally performed for one of thefollowing reasons: for research on the composition of thegases; to relate directly to flammability, smoke generation,toxic or irritant effects; to study mechanisms of combustion; orfor development

26、of test equipment. The experimenter shoulddecide exactly what type of information the analysis mustprovide. The necessary detection limits, acceptable errors, andpossible or tolerable interferences must be determined.5.2.2 A representative sample must be obtained; however,sampling must not interfere

27、 with the test (for example, sam-pling could alter the atmosphere in an animal toxicity experi-ment or in a smoke measurement device). The size and shapeof the test chamber affects the possible location and number ofsampling probes.5.2.3 Single or cumulative samples may be adequate formany requireme

28、nts; however, a continuous monitor may bedesirable for the determination of concentration-time depen-dence, or in the case of analysis of reactive species (forexample, hydrochloric acid (HCl).5.2.4 Collection and transport of samples must be accom-plished in such a way that the analyses properly ref

29、lect thenature and concentration of species in the combustion gasstream. Heated sampling lines made from an inert material areoften required. Direct sampling and immediate analysis arepreferable to retention of the sample for later analysis. Filtra-tion of combustion gases prior to analysis may be n

30、ecessary forsome applications, but may be totally incorrect for other cases(see 5.9).5.3 Test SystemsMany devices of various sizes can gen-erate “fire gases for analysis (4,(5). These systems includelarge-scale facilities (fire situations simulated on a 1:1 scale(see Guide E 603 and Ref (6); large l

31、aboratory-scale tests (forexample, Test Method E84); laboratory-scale chambers (forexample, Test Method E 662 (7, 8); and microcombustionfurnace or tube furnace assemblies (2,(9).5.3.1 In general, the combustion devices (test chambers) fallinto three categories:(1) closed chambers (for example, Test

32、 Method E 662);(2) open chambers (for example, a full-scale room burn);(3) flow-through systems (for example, Test Method E84).5.3.2 Different test chamber sizes and configurations requiredifferent methods of sampling and analysis. Appropriate ana-lytical procedures and equipment must be selected. I

33、n afull-scale fire experiment the sampling frequency and detectionlevel and accuracy may not need to be the same as in a smalllaboratory-scale experiment.5.4 Reactivity of Fire Gases:5.4.1 Fire gases to be analyzed range from relatively inertand volatile substances, such as carbon monoxide (CO) andc

34、arbon dioxide (CO2), to reactive acid gases such as hydrogenfluoride (HF), HCl, and hydrogen bromide (HBr). Otherspecies frequently determined are oxygen, the sulfur-oxidespecies sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfur trioxide (SO3); thenitrogen-containing species hydrogen cyanide (HCN), nitric3The boldfac

35、e numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references appended tothis standard.E800072oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2); and hydrocarbonsand partially oxidized hydrocarbons.5.4.2 The following potential problems must be avoided orminimized by proper design of the sampling system and choiceof

36、 materials of construction:(1) Reaction of the gaseous products with materials used insampling lines and test equipment that could lead to loss ofsample and potential equipment failure;(2) Adsorption, absorption, or condensation of gaseousproducts in the sampling system or on particles trapped in th

37、efiltration system;(3) Reaction among species present in the gaseous sample;(4) Interferences caused by species in the sample, otherthan the product being analyzed, that respond to the analyticalmethod.5.5 Sampling FrequencyThe frequency of sampling isbased primarily on the information sought. Most

38、requirementswill be met by one of the following three sampling modes:(1) The quantity formed during the experiment is deter-mined by collecting one time-integrated sample (2);(2) The concentration is determined at a limited number oftime points during the experiment (10);(3) The concentration is det

39、ermined either continuously orwith sufficient frequency to represent it as a function of time (6,8, 10, 11).5.5.1 The two techniques used most commonly in the pasthave been the single, integrated sample and sampling at fixedtime intervals. However, techniques for continuous analysis ofcertain specie

40、s are now readily available (CO, CO2, andoxygen (O2); while continuous analysis of other compoundsof interest have been reported (12).5.5.2 The integrated sampling technique entails collectionof all the products (or a continuous sample from the gasstream) into an unreactive sampling bag such as poly

41、tetrafluo-roethylene (PTFE) or absorption of the species of interest in anappropriate solvent in an impinger for the duration of theexperiment.Analyses are then performed on the contents of thebag or trapping medium (9). Water-soluble species such as HClor HBr have been collected in solution impinge

42、rs over theduration of the experiment, enabling analysis of the “inte-grated” sample. The gas flow rate through the impinger and theliquid volume determine the buildup of acid gas in the solution(the solubility of the species at the given gas flow rate shouldbe verified). The integrated sampling tec

43、hniques provide eitherthe “average” concentration of the particular species over theduration of the test or, for certain flow-through test procedures,a measure of the total amount of that species produced in theexperiment. In this latter case, a total gas flow measurement isrequired.5.5.3 Continuous

44、 or frequent, periodic sampling is oftendesirable. This limits further reaction of reactive species (suchas HCl, HBr, and HCN), and is useful for studies of time-dependent, cumulative effects of toxic gases (such as CO) onanimals.5.5.4 Samples of combustion gas can be collected sequen-tially for sub

45、sequent instrumental analysis. An electricallyactivated multiport stream selection valve or a manifold ofsolenoid valves can be used to sequentially divert the combus-tion gas into a series of gas collection devices. This collectionprocedure can be automated by using a valve sequence timer ora multi

46、pole relay timer (13, 14).5.5.5 For noncontinuous sampling of combustion gases, thefrequency of sampling is often determined by the instrumen-tation. For example, using gas chromatography, sampling willbe dependent on the residence time of species in the instru-ment. Sampling of species at time inte

47、rvals using gas syringes,plastic sampling bags, sorption tubes, or the like, with analysesto be performed later, is not dependent on analysis time.5.5.6 The volume of frequent or continuous gas samplesremoved must not significantly affect the concentration ofremaining species. In small test chambers

48、 and someflowthrough systems, the volume of gas available for samplingis limited.5.6 Sampling Sites:5.6.1 The number and the locations of sampling sites aredetermined by the extent of analytical information sought andby the configuration of the test chamber (15, 16). To obtainrepresentative samples

49、from an NBS smoke density chamber,intake ports in one study (11) were located at three heightsinside the chamber. The sample streams were then combinedbefore being introduced into the analyzers. Previous experi-ments had demonstrated that significant stratification occurredin the chamber during part of the test. In a full-scale bedroomfire test (6), four gas sampling probes were used.5.6.2 Guidelines developed for the monitoring of the emis-sion of pollutants (1, 17, 18) can be utilized for the demon-stration of the mass flow rates of combustion products throughducts