ARMY MIL-HDBK-755-1991 PLASTIC MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR ENGINEERING DESIGN《用于工程设计的塑料材料的性能》.pdf

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1、MIL-HDBK-755 93 7799970 0068776 b W“ 1 NOT h4E4EEhll 16 SEPTEMBER 1991 MIL-HDBK-755 (AR) MILITARY HANDBOOK PLASTIC M.ATERIL PROPERTIES FOR ENGINEERING DESIGN FSC 9330 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or n

2、etworking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-I MIL-HDBK-755 93 = 9997970 O068977 B li . MIL-HDBK-755(AR) FOREWORD 1. This military handbook is approved for use by all Activities and Agencies of the Department of the Army and is available for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department

3、 of Defense. 2. Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to: Commander, US Army Armament Research, Development, and Engineering Center, ATTN. SMCAR-BAC-S, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ 07806-5000, by

4、using the self-addressed Standardization Document Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this document or by letter. 3. This handbook was developed under the auspices of the US Army Materiel Commands Engineering Design Handbook Program, which is under the direction of the US Arm

5、y Industrial Engineering Activity. 4 U ii Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-. MIL-HDBK-755 73 7777770 00b8778“-T . MIL-#DBK-755(AR) CONTENTS Paragraph Page FOREWORD ii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vii LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

6、 AND ACRONYMS . x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 PURPOSE 1-1 1-2 HANDBOOK OVERVIEW 1-I 1-3 PLASTIC MATERIALS 1-1 1-3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF PLASTICS . 1-1 1-3.2 POLYMER STRUCTURE : . 1-2 1-4 MATERIAL PROPERTIES 1-3 1-4.1 CLASSIFICATION . 1-3. . 1-4.2 MILITARY RELEVANCE 1-4 1-5 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS . I . 1

7、-5 REFERENCES 1-6 CHAPTER 2 DESIGNING FOR PLASTICS 2-1 INTRODUCTION i . . =-.;I_- 2-1 2-2 INTEGRATED PLASTIC PRODUCT DESIGN . -2-1 2-2.1 DEFINITION . . 2- 2-2.2 DESIGNING FOR FUNCTION 2-2 . 2-2.2.1 Design Requirements 2.2 2-2.2.2 Initial Product Design . 2-5 2-2.2.3 Material Selection . 1.2-3 2-2.2.

8、3.1 Initial Screening . 2.3 2-2.2.3.2 Candidate Selection 2-3 2-2.2.4 Prototype Evaluation I . 2-4 2-2.2.5 Design Finalization . ._. . 2-5 2-3 PROCESS TECHNOLOGY . 2-5 2-3.1 PROCESS CONSIDERATIONS KN DESIGN . . 2-5 2-3.1.1 Plastic Process Methods . 2-5 2-3.1.2 Process Variables . 2-7 2-3.1.3 Seconda

9、ry Process Operations . 2.7 2-3.1.3.2 Joining .I 2-7 2-3.1.3.3 Decorating 2.8 2-3.1.4 Design Interface 2-8 . . “ 2-3.1.3 : 1 Finishing . 2.7 2-3.2 PRODUCT ASSURANCE CONSIDERATIONS 2-8 2-3.2.1 Military Specifications and Standards . 2-8 2-3.2.2 Quality Control . 2-8 2-3.2.3 Performance Specifications

10、 . 2-9 . 111 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-. : IL-HDBK-755- 93 -m 9999770 0068979 1- W:; - MIL-HDBK-755(AR) 2-4 TESTING TECHNOLOGY . 2-9 2-4.1 TESTING FOR MATERIAL PROPERTIES 2-9 2-42 PROTOTYPE TESTING 2-9 2-4.3- PRODUCTION TESTI

11、NG 2-10 . REFERENCES 2-11 CHAPTER 3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 3-0 LIST OF SYMBOLS . 3-1 3-1 INTRODUCTION 3-1 3-2 TIME DEPENDENCE . 3-3 3-2.1 CONSTANT LOAD . 3-4 3-2.1.1.1 Creep 3-5 3-2.1.1.2 Creep Recovery . i 3-6 3-2 . L2 Stress Relaxation . 3-7 3-2.1.1 Creep, Creep Recovery, and Creep Rupture 3-5 1 3-

12、2.1.1.3 Creep Rupture 3-6 . 3-2.2 LOW-RATELOADING . 3-8 3-2.3 HIGH-RATE LOADING 3-8 3-2.3.1 Inertia . 3-8 3-2.3.2 Impact . 3-9 . 3-2.3.3 Cyclic ; . 3-9 3-3 CREEP PROPERTIES 3-10 3-3.1 CREEP DEFORMATION 3-10 3-3.1.1 Tensile and Compressive Creep . 3-10 3-3.1.2 Flexural Creep . . 3-12 3-3,1.3 Creep La

13、teral Contraction . 3-12 3-3.1.4 Derivative Creep Data . 3-12 3-3.2 CREEP RECOVERY 3-13 3-3.3 CREEP MODULUS . i 3-13 3-3.4 CREEP RUPTURE . 3-14 3-3.5 STRESS RELAXATION 3-15 3-4 STRESS-STRAIN PROPERTIES . 3-16 3-4.1 TENSILE STRESS-STRAIN 3-1. 3-4.2 COMPRESSIVE STRESS-STRAIN . 3-21 3-4.3 POISSONS RATI

14、O 3-22 3-4.4 SHEAR PROPERTIES 3-22 3-5 IMPACT RESISTANCE . 3-23 3-6 FATIGUE PROPERTIES . 3-25 REFERENCES . 3-27 CHAPTER 4 THERMAL PROPERTIES il 4-0 LIST OF SYMBOLS . 4-1 4-1 INTRODUCTION 4-1 4-2 THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES . 4-1 4-2.1 THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT . 4-2 4-22 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 4-3 4

15、-2.3 SPECIFIC HEAT . .4- 3 4-2.4 MELTING POINT 4-4 4-2.5 GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE 4-6 iv Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-755 93 M 9999770 0068980 . 8 MIL-kDBK-755(AR) . I 4-3 . THERMAL DECOMPOSITION 4-6 4-3.1 FLAMMABIL

16、ITY . 4-7 4-3.2 SMOKE DENSITY . 4-8 4-3.3 THERMAL GAS EMISSION . 4-10 REFERENCES 4-10 CHAPTER 5 . . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 5-1 INTRODUCTION 5-1 5-2 DIELECTRIC STRENGTH . 5-2 5-3 PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) . ;.i 5-3 5-4 . DIELECTRIC LOSS CHARACTERISTICS . 5-6 5-4.1 DISSIPATION FACTOR 5-6 5-4.2

17、 POWER FACTOR 5-9 5-4.3 LOSS INDEX (LOSS FACTOR) 1 i . . 5-9 . 5-5 ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE . =. . 5-9 5-5.1 VOLUME RESISTIVITY i . 5-9 5-5.2 SURFACE RESISTIVITY . 5-10 . 5-5.3 ARC RESISTANCE .-. 5-1k 5-6 CORONA RESISTANCE 5-12 REFERENCES 5-13 . 6-2 6-3 . 6-4 CHAPTSR 6 OPTICAL PROPERTIES LIST OF SYMBOL

18、S 6-1 INTRODUCTION . i 6-1 6-1.1 APPLICATIONS . 6-1 6-1.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 6-2 REFRACTION . 6-2 6-2- I REFRACTIVE INDEX . 6-2 6-22 DISPERSION . 6-4 6-2.3 CRITICAL, ANGLE . I.-.-s-. . 6-5 LlGI3T TRANSMESEON . 6-5 6-3.I REFLECTANCE . 6-5 6-32 TRANS-METANCE . 6-6 6-3.3 EIfAZS 6-8 ENVIRONMENTAL

19、FACTORS . 6-8 6-4.1 SURFACE ABRASION 6-8 6-4.2 YELLOWNESS INDEX . 6-9 - a REFERENCES . .-. . 6-9 CHAPTER 7 PHYSICAL AND SURFACE.PROPERTIES. 7-0 LIST OF SYMBOLS 7-1 7-1 INTRODUCTION 7-1 7-2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 7-1 7-2.1 DENSITY (SPECIFIC GRAVITY) . 7-1 7-2.2 HARDNESS 7-1 V Provided by IHS Not for Res

20、ale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- MIL-HDBK-755(AR) 7-3 SURFACE PROPERTIES . : . 7-3 7-3.1 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION . 7-3 7-3.2 ABRASION RESISTANCE . .i . 7-4 7-3.3 SCRATCH RESISTANCE . 7-5 7-3.4 WEAR RESISTANCE 7-6 REFERENCES 7-6 CHAPTER 8 PERMANENCE PROPERTIE

21、S 8-1 INTRODUCTION 8-1 8-1.1 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES . 8-1 8-1.2 AGING 8-2 8-2 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE . 8-2 8-3 WATER ABSORPTION 8-4 8-4 . WATER VAPOR TRANSMISSION .; . 8-5 8-5 NATURAL AGING 8-5 8-6 HEAT AGING 8-6 8-7 WEATHERING 8-7 REFERENCES . 8-8 GLOSSARY . G-1 INDEX _ 1-1 vi . Provided by IHS Not for R

22、esale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-Figure No . 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 3-1 1 3-12 3-13 3-14 3-15 3-16 3-17 3-18 3-19 3-20 3-2 1 3-22 4- 1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 54 5- 10 5-1 1 5-12 5-13 5-14 5-15 5-16 5-17 6- 1 6-2 6-

23、3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 MIL-HDBK-755 93 W 9999970 0068982 L LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Tit le Page Tensile Stress vs Strain for Typical Metals 3-2 Strain Rate-Loading 3-4 Viscoelastic Models . 3-5 Tensile Creep and Creep Recovery 3-5 Deformati0.n vs Time . .C.i . 3-6 Tensile Stress Reaxation Model . 3-7 Te

24、nsile Sm YS Strain as a Function of Strain Rate . 3-9 Tensile Stress vs Cycles to Failure . 3-10 Tensile Strain vs Time as a Function of Stress 3-11 Tensile Strain vs Time as a Function of Temperature 3-11 Creep and Creep Modulus . 3-13 Tensile Creep Modulus vs Time 3-14 Tensile Creep Rupture Envelo

25、pe . 3-15 Tensile Stress Relaxation 3-16 Stress vs Strain as a Function of Strain Rate .-”. %I8 Stress vs Strain as a Function of Temperature .”- .-. I -_ - ._.- I ._. ._-.-. 3-l9 Stress vs Strain I _.L _ _._ .-. I - . c _._ ._._._C_ 2-23 Types of Shear .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. ”-.-.-.- -.- Shear Stres

26、s vs Thickness and Strain Rate as a Function of Temperatme _I._- ”.- . r. . -”- ”-_ -.-. Cyclic Loading 3-26 Fatigue Failure Envelope 3-26 Thermal Expansion vs Temperature 4-3 Enthalpy vs Temperature 4-5 Specific Volume vs Temperature -.-.-.- 4-6 Specific Optical Density vs Time _.-.-.*. 4-9 Maximum

27、 Specific Optical Density vs Thickness .-. .*- 4-10 Dielectric Strength Schematic .- . 5-2 Dielectric Strength vs Thickness _-.-. . .- 5.A Dielectric Strength vs Temperature .-.-.- _-_. 53 Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) Schematic 5-3 Permittivity vs Frequency . 5-4 Permittivity vs Temperature .

28、3-4 Permittivity vs Frequency and Temperature 5-5 Dissipation Factor ._r . 5-6 Dissipation Factor vs Frequency . -. 5-7 Dissipation Factor vs Frequency and Temperature . ._- _-.rl-.,- 5-7 Loss Tangent vs Frequency and Temperature .-.-.-.-. 5-8 Volume Resistivity Schematic .-.-. 5-9 Volume Resistivit

29、y vs Time of Electrification -. , 5-10 . Volume Resistivity vs Applied Voltage i . ., ._-_.+x Volume Resistivity vs Temperature . $lili Surface Resistivity Schematic 5-p Arc Resistance Schematic . . 5-12 Visible Electromagnetic.Spectrum . 6-2 Refraction of Light 6-3 Refractive Index vs Wavelength 6-

30、4 Refractive Index vs Temperature . 6-5 Critical Angle 6-5 Reflection of Light (n = 1.5 at 23” C(73” F) 6-6 Transmittance vs Angle of Incidence . 6-7 Transmittance vs Wavelength 6-7 Tensile Stress vs Strain for Typical Plastics . 3-3 vii Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking p

31、ermitted without license from IHS -,-,-. MIL-HDBK-755 93 9999970 0068983 3“h 1 - MIL-HDBK-755(AR) 7- 1 Relative Hardness Schematic ; . 7-2 7-2 Friction Coefficient . .7-3 7-3 Friction Coefficient vs Velocity :.,.a i.74 7-4 Abrasion Resistance : . 7-5 viii V -. Provided by IHS Not for Resale No repro

32、duction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-Table No . 1-1 1 -2 1-3 1-4 2- 1 2-2 2-3 2-4 5-1 6- 1 MIL-HDBK-755 93 0 9999970 0068984 5 I LIST OF TABLES Title Page List of Plastics 1-2 Specimen Identification for Testing . 1-5 Natural Environmental Factors . 1-5 Induced Environmental

33、 Factors 1-5 Considerations in Establishing Design Requirements 2-3 Methods Used to Process Plastics 2-6 Injection Molding Process Variables . ._.,.,.-,. 2-7 Common: Test Parameters . 2-10 Classification of Conductive Materials ._c _ . 5-1 SpectEal Wavelengths 6-3 ix Provided by IHS Not for Resale N

34、o reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-755(AR) . LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ABS = acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene OSU = Ohio State University AMCP = Army Materiel Command Pamphlet PCTFE = polychlorotrifluoroethylene AMMRC = Army Materials and Mechanics

35、Research PF = power factor Center PTFE = polytetrafluoroethylene ANSI = American National Standards Institute PV = pressure times velocity ASTM = American Society for Testing and PVC = polyvinyl chloride Materials SAE = Society of Automotive Engineers CIE = International Commission of Illumina- SAMP

36、E = Society of Aerospace Material and tion Process Engineers Readiness Command SPE = Society of Plastics Engineers DARCOM = US Army Materiel Development and SIC = specific inductive capacity DoD = Department of Defense SPIE = Society of Photo-Optical Instrumenta- DSC = differential scanning calorime

37、try TDP = technical data package DTA = differential thermal analysis Tg = glass transition temperature ESC = environmental stress cracking TGA = thermogravimetric analysis FEP = fluorinated ethylenepropylene TMA = thermomechanical analysis Engineers, Inc. UL = Underwriters Laboratories Technology WV

38、T = water vapor transmission DP = degree of polymerization tion Engineers IEEE = Institute of Electrical and Electronics TSC = thermal stress cracking NIST = National Institute of Standards and UV = ultraviolet NMAB = National Materials Advisory Board YI = yellowness index X Provided by IHS Not for

39、Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-755 93 9979970 00b878b 9 W CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION An overview of plastic materials, including their classification and an insight into their polymer structure, and a review of materialproperties and American Societ

40、y for Testing and Materials standards for testing are presented. A brief discussion of environmental factors and their influence onproperties is included. 1-1 PURPOSE This handbook provides a review of the material properties of plastics and their applicability to Army engineering design activities.

41、 The coverage is intended for those not familiar with plastics technology so they may learn more about the behavior of plastic material. 1-2 HANDBOOK OVERVIEW This handbook provides a review- ?f basic plastic material properties as they pertain to t.he. design of components. The first chapter contai

42、ns an introduction to plastic material properties and a brief review .of plastic materials, their classification, and general behavior. The second chapter contains a synopsized description of the design process for plastics. This information was includedfor those engaged in plastic design to emphasi

43、ze - their relationship with plastics technologists and how integrated. product design will lead to:. maximizing materials use. : The remaining chapters discuss ,the material properties useful in dssign. These .presentations are included to provideunderstanding of the numerous tests and material cha

44、racteristics so widely used in the plastics industry and their- significance in application development. The properties discussed in this handbook are directed at mdldable plastics. Although the concepts arerelated to films,. composites, cellular, and other forms of plastics, the characterization of

45、 properties for these other formsis considered an xtension of the approach described inthis - handbook. Test methods, spcimen geometry, and property characterization differ depending on the form of the plastic. A- glossary has also been incorpdrated. It contains terms pertinent to plastics, material

46、 propertiesj and engineering design. better understanding of plastics, their :diversity, ad- vantages., limitations, and most of ail, those properties pertinent to engineering design The handbook will provide a broad insight into considerations that musi be . given to plastics prperties in the devel

47、opment of appli- cations. The users of this handbook wiil benefit by gaining a . - 11 1-3 PLASTIC MATERIALS Plastics are a class of materials havkabroad range of characteristics that makes them competitive with the traditional metal, ceramic, and wood products. The advantages of plastics result from

48、 their unique, non- metallic features and the fact that they can be inexpensively mass-produced. Also plastics offer the product designer a wide range of properties and processing methods that allows innovative product development. Like elastomers (rubbers) and fibers, plastics are broadly defined as potyrneEs (Ref. 1). They are high molecular weight compounds formed by the linking of many (poly-) individual organic units called monomers (-mers) into long chains called polymers. This joining of varied organic molecules into long chains produces