ITU-R P 832-4-2015 World atlas of ground conductivities《大地导电率世界图册》.pdf

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1、 Recommendation ITU-R P.832-4 (07/2015) World atlas of ground conductivities P Series Radiowave propagation ii Rec. ITU-R P.832-4 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunic

2、ation services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocom

3、munication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declar

4、ations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also available online at http:/w

5、ww.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave p

6、ropagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time signals and frequency standards

7、emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2015 ITU 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without wr

8、itten permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R P.832-4 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R P.832-4 World atlas of ground conductivities (1992-1997-1999-2012-2015) The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that for ground-wave field strength prediction, it is essential to know the electrical characteristics of the

9、 ground along the path. In cases involving coordination between administrations, it is therefore often necessary to know the ground characteristics existing outside national boundaries; b) that the most important electrical characteristic of the earth for frequencies below 3 MHz is the conductivity;

10、 c) that there is a need for suitable conductivity charts when planning all types of radiocommunication, including navigational services, in the VLF, LF and MF bands; d) that conductivity maps are not yet available from all administrations; e) that long range navigation systems use the phase informa

11、tion of the ground wave, paths often cross several countries, and that it is important to have reliable conductivity information along the whole path; f) that it is of importance to keep accurate information on secondary phase conditions, which again depend on conductivity, recommends 1 that the inf

12、ormation contained in Annex 1, which is a World Atlas of Ground Conductivities, be used to obtain the best estimate of conductivity for planning purposes; 2 that in presenting new or revised conductivity maps for updating the Atlas, standard values be used as indicated in Table 1. Annex 1 World Atla

13、s of Ground Conductivities 1 Introduction This Annex gives information about the ground conductivities in various areas of the world, in the form of a World Atlas of Ground Conductivities. This information is intended to be used for field-strength predictions in connection with the ground-wave propa

14、gation curves contained in Recommendation ITU-R P.368. 2 Preparation of conductivity maps In its work on the World Atlas, the ITU-R needs information from every administration. Conductivity maps have been presented in different ways, but in future it would be helpful if they were presented with the

15、same standard set of values of conductivity as indicated in Recommendation ITU-R P.368 and as shown in Table 1. 2 Rec. ITU-R P.832-4 TABLE 1 Standard values and ranges of ground conductivity for the presentation of the maps Standard values Limiting values of the range (S/m) (S/m) Upper limit Lower l

16、imit 5 7 3 3 102 5.5 102 1.7 102 102 1.7 102 5.5 103 3 103 5.5 103 1.7 103 103 1.7 103 5.5 104 3 104 5.5 104 1.7 104 104 1.7 104 5.5 105 3 105 5.5 105 1.7 105 105 1.7 105 5.5 106 3 The Atlas The contents of the Atlas are as follows: Figs. 1-6: VLF conductivity maps Figs. 7-43: MF conductivity maps 3

17、.1 The conductivity maps for the VLF part of the spectrum (Figs. 1 to 6) give values of effective ground conductivity in mS/m and are subject to the following conditions: they are limited in application to frequencies up to 30 kHz, they contain no allowance for seasonal variations, they have been ca

18、lculated from physiographical and geological data used to define boundaries of the land areas of given conductivity, together with actual conductivity data derived from measurements, they represent effective ground conductivities (the effect of terrain is included in the values), as it seems likely

19、that seasonal variations will become more important with increasing frequency (as the penetration depth decreases), maps for higher frequencies may need to be presented in such a way that the annual variations are shown. However, data recorded by the Administration of India indicate that at frequenc

20、ies as high as 1 MHz seasonal variations in the tropics have a negligible influence on propagation. 3.2 The maps for MF, Figs. 7 to 42 and Table 2, give the effective ground conductivities in mS/m. (The maps are standardized to 1 MHz.) These maps are based on measurements and other relevant informat

21、ion provided by the various countries. They contain no allowance for seasonal variations. 3.3 For those areas for which results of conductivity measurements are not available, provisional information for MF use is shown in Fig. 43. It is expected that this information will be superseded by later edi

22、tions of the World Atlas to be published by the ITU. Rec. ITU-R P.832-4 3 3.4 The conductivities on the MF maps are shown as presented by administrations. For those countries not represented in the Atlas, no information has been made available. 4 Future revision of the Atlas 4.1 Administrations are

23、asked to check and, if necessary, revise the information given in this Atlas. 4.2 Administrations are asked to adjust areas of given conductivity so that each conductivity is one of the standard values given in Table 1. 4.3 It is recognized that because of the use of different methods for measuring

24、ground conductivity, discontinuities will occur at the borders between countries. However, administrations are requested to resolve these problems bilaterally. MAPS OF GROUND CONDUCTIVITY VLF maps Fig. 1 Africa Fig. 2 Asia Fig. 3 North America Fig. 4 South America Fig. 5 Australia Fig. 6 Europe MF m

25、aps Fig. 7 Germany Fig. 8 Australia Fig. 9 Austria Fig. 10 Bangladesh (Peoples Republic of) Fig. 11 Belgium Fig. 12 Botswana (Republic of) Fig. 13 Brazil (Federative Republic) Fig. 14 Canada Fig. 15 China (Peoples Republic of) Fig. 16 Korea (Republic of) Fig. 17 Denmark Fig. 18 Spain Fig. 19 North A

26、merica (excluding Canada) Fig. 19a Alaska (United States of America) Fig. 20 Finland 4 Rec. ITU-R P.832-4 Fig. 21 Greece Fig. 22 Republic of Hungary Fig. 23 India (Republic of) Fig. 24 Iran (Islamic Republic of) Fig. 25 Israel (State of) Fig. 26 Italy Fig. 27 Japan Fig. 28 Jordan (Hashemite Kingdom

27、of) Fig. 29 Lesotho (Kingdom of), South Africa (Republic of), Swaziland (Kingdom of) Fig. 30 Namibia (Republic of) Fig. 31 Nigeria (Federal Republic of) Fig. 32 Norway Fig. 33 New Zealand Fig. 34 Netherlands (Kingdom of the) Fig. 35 Portugal Fig. 36 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irela

28、nd Fig. 37 Sweden Fig. 38 Thailand Fig. 39 Armenia (Republic of), Azerbaijani Republic, Belarus (Republic of), Estonia (Republic of), Georgia, Kazakstan (Republic of), Latvia (Republic of), Lithuania (Republic of), Moldova (Republic of), Uzbekistan (Republic of), Kyrgyz Republic, Russian Federation,

29、 Tajikistan (Republic of), Turkmenistan, Ukraine Fig. 40 Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republic of), Croatia (Republic of), The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Slovenia (Republic of) and Yugoslavia (Federal Republic of) Fig. 41 Central America Fig. 42 South America Fig. 43 Provisional MF conductivi

30、ty map for land areas NOTE 1 The denomination of a country or of a territory on these maps, as well as the tracing of any borders, do not imply, on the part of the ITU, any position with respect to the political status of such a country or territory, or official recognition of these borders. Rec. IT

31、U-R P.832-4 5 FIGURE 1 Africa P .0832-016 Rec. ITU-R P.832-4 FIGURE 2 Asia 0 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 30 0 . 30 0 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 10 . 30 . 10 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 10 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 32 0 0 0 k mP . 0 8 3 2 - 0 2Rec. ITU-R P.832-4 7 FIGURE 3 North America P. 0 8 3 2 - 0 30 . 0 10 . 0 10 . 0 10 . 0 1

32、0 . 0 30 . 10 . 0 10 . 10 . 10 . 10 . 10 .10 .10 .10 .10 . 0 30 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 10 . 30 . 10 . 10 . 10 . 10 . 10 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 30 .10 . 32 0 0 0 k m8 Rec. ITU-R P.832-4 FIGURE 4 South America P. 0 8 3 2 - 0 40 . 30 . 32 0 0 0 k mRec. ITU-R P.832-4 9 FIGURE 5 Australia P.0832-051000km10 Rec. ITU-

33、R P.832-4 FIGURE 6 Europe P.0832-060.30.31000kmRec. ITU-R P.832-4 11 FIGURE 7 Germany P. 0 8 3 2 - 0 7D a n e m a r kD e n m a r kD i n a m a r c aA l l e m a g n e ( R p . f d . d e )G e r m a n y ( F e d . R e p . o f )A l e m a n i a ( R e p . F e d . d e )P a y - B a sN e t h e r l a n d sP a s

34、e s B a j o sB e l g i q u eB e l g i u mB l g i c aL u x e m b o u r gL u x e m b u r g oF r a n c eF r a n c i aS u i s s eS w i t z e r l a n dS u i z aA u t r i c h eA u s t r i a2 0 0 k m* I n p a r t i c u l a r y m o u n t a i n o u s r e g i o n s , w e l l b e l o w 1 m S / m .485254506 8 1

35、0 12 14485254506 8 10 12 14100012 Rec. ITU-R P.832-4 FIGURE 8 Australia P. 080832-11 1 5 120 125 130 135 140 145 1501 1 5 120 125 130 135 140 145 15040353025201540353025201530301010103310101033 30101010130110103030333101033301030130103031Rec. ITU-R P.832-4 13 FIGURE 9 Austria RpubliquetchqueCzechRep

36、ublicRepblicaChecaSlovaquieSlovakiaEslovaquiaHongrieHungaryHungraSlovaquieSlovakiaEslovaquiaRpubliquetchqueCzechRepublicRepblicaChecaAllemagne(Rp.fd.d)Germany(Fed.Rep.of)Alemania(Rep.Fed.de)ItalieItalyItaliaSuisseSwitzerlandSuiza0.30.30.1YougoslavieYugoslavia0.30.30.3200kmP.0832-0914 Rec. ITU-R P.83

37、2-4 FIGURE 10 Bangladesh (Peoples Republic of) P. 100832-2 0 0 k mMy a n m a rIndeIndiaB h o u ta nB h u ta nB h u t nRec. ITU-R P.832-4 15 FIGURE 11 Belgium P.110832-0.60.60.60.6FranceFranciaPays-BasNetherlandsPalsesbajosAllemagne(Rp.fd.de)Germany(Fed.Rep.of)Alemania(Rep.Fed.de)LuxembourgLuxemburgo

38、100km0.616 Rec. ITU-R P.832-4 FIGURE 12 Botswana (Republic of) P. 120832-Z i m b a b w eS u d a f r i c a i n e ( R p . )S o u t h A f r i c a ( R e p . o f )S u d a f r i c a n a ( R e p . )N a m i b i eN a m i b i a2 5 0 k mRec. ITU-R P.832-4 17 FIGURE 13 Brazil P. 130832-3334 0 W5 0 W6 0 W7 0 W4

39、0 W5 0 W6 0 W7 0 W10S10S20S20S30S30S000 500 1 0 0 0 K i l o m e t e r s2503103103010303101333331303310101313310310101030110133033303333330301018 Rec. ITU-R P.832-4 FIGURE 14 Canada 1000kmP.140832-Rec. ITU-R P.832-4 19 FIGURE 15 China (Peoples Republic of) P. 150832-12345672 0 - 1 0 1 033 - 1 0 1 035

40、 - 8 1 035 - 6 1 021 - 5 1 033 1 022 0 - 2 . 5 1 03891011121 . 6 - 1 . 4 1 031 1 030 . 8 - 0 . 9 1 030 . 0 - 0 . 7 1 020 . 1 - 0 . 5 1 03( k m )* No t e 1 T h e co n d u ct i v i t y ma p o f Ch i n a i s b as ed o n me as u rem en t s o f 1 0 0 k H z s i g n al s an d ch eck ed b y L O RA N -Cs i g

41、 n al s . T h e v al u es are al s o ap p l i cab l e t o t h e MF b an d .( S / m )( S / m )20 Rec. ITU-R P.832-4 FIGURE 16 Korea (Republic of) 0 . 50 . 50 . 50 . 50 . 5R p . p o p . d m . d e C o r eD e m . P e o p l e s R e p . o f K o r e aR e p . P o p . D e m . d e C o r e a2 0 0 k mP. 160832-

42、 Rec. ITU-R P.832-4 21 FIGURE 17 Denmark SudeSwedenSuecia100kmAllemagne(Rp.fd.d)Germany(Fed.Rep.of)Alemania(Rep.Fed.de)P.70832-122 Rec. ITU-R P.832-4 FIGURE 18 Spain FranceFrancia200kmPortugal0.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.55.50.40.40.6P.08832-1Rec. ITU-R P.832-4 23 FIGURE 19 North America (excl

43、uding Canada) P. 190832-2 0 0 0 k m0 . 60 . 60 . 60 . 60 . 624 Rec. ITU-R P.832-4 FIGURE 19a Alaska (United States of America) P. 19a0832-11172 168 164 160 156 152 148 144 14070686664626058565410103111333101030 5 0 0 k m0 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 310 1031 110 . 30 . 30 . 3No t e 1 A reas l ab el ed 1 0

44、 (mS/ m) are b el i ev ed t o co n t ai n l ay ered eart h . T h i s s h o u l d b e t ak en i n t o acco u n ti f t h e i n fo rmat i o n i s t o b e u s ed i n o t h er freq u en cy b an d s .Rec. ITU-R P.832-4 25 FIGURE 20 Finland N o r v g eN o r w a yN o r u e g a0 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 30

45、 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 32 0 0 k mS u d eS w e d e nS u e c i aP. 200832-26 Rec. ITU-R P.832-4 FIGURE 21 Greece P. 210832-A l b a n i eA l b a n i aB u l g a r i eB u l g a r i aY o u g o s l a v i eY o u g o s l a v i aT u r q u i eT u r k e yT u r q u a2 0 0 k m0 . 30

46、. 30 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 3T u r q u i eT u r k e yT u r q u aRec. ITU-R P.832-4 27 FIGURE 22 Republic of Hungary RpubliqueslovaqueSlovakRepublicRepblicaEslovacaUkraineUcraniaP.220832-RepubliqueSlovaqueSlovakRepublicRepblicaEslovacaAutricheAustriaYougoslavieYugoslaviaUkraineUcraniaRoumanieRoumaniaRumania200km28 Rec. ITU-R P.832-4 FIGURE 23 India (Republic of) P. 30 8 3 2 - 2P a k i s t a nP a k i s t nT i b e tB h o u t a nB h u t a nB h u t nN e p a lB a n g l a d e s hM y a n m a r1 0 0 0 k m