ASTM D5929-2018 4375 Standard Test Method for Determining Biodegradability of Materials Exposed to Source-Separated Organic Municipal Solid Waste Mesophilic Composting Conditions b.pdf

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1、Designation: D5929 18Standard Test Method forDetermining Biodegradability of Materials Exposed toSource-Separated Organic Municipal Solid Waste MesophilicComposting Conditions by Respirometry1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5929; the number immediately following the designation

2、indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the biodegrada

3、tion properties ofa material by reproducibly exposing materials to conditionstypical of source-separated organic municipal solid waste(MSW) composting. A material is composted under controlledconditions using a synthetic compost matrix and determiningthe acclimation time, cumulative oxygen uptake, c

4、umulativecarbon dioxide production, and percent of theoretical biodeg-radation over the period of the test. This test method does notestablish the suitability of the composted product for any use.1.2 This test is performed at mesophilic temperatures. Somemunicipal compost operations reach thermophil

5、ic temperaturesduring operation. Thermophilic temperatures can affect thebiodegradation of some materials. This test is not intended toreplicate conditions within municipal compost operations thatreach thermophilic temperatures.1.3 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are tobe regarded

6、separately as the standard. The values given inparentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environment

7、al practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Gu

8、ides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D513 Test Methods for Total and Dissolved Carbon Dioxidein WaterD1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD1293 Test Methods for pH of WaterD2908 Practice f

9、or Measuring Volatile Organic Matter inWater by Aqueous-Injection Gas ChromatographyD6247 Test Method for Determination of Elemental Contentof Polyolefins by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluores-cence SpectrometryE1621 Guide for Elemental Analysis by Wavelength Disper-sive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrom

10、etry2.2 APHA-AWWA-WEF Standard Method:32540G Total, Fixed, and Volatile Solids in Solid and Semi-solid Samples3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms applying to this testmethod appear in Terminology D1129.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 acclimation time, nthe time

11、 required for the oxygenuptake to reach 10 % of the total measured cumulative oxygenuptake.43.2.2 inoculum, na mixture of organic substances invarying degrees of biodegradation to provide microbial-richsubstrate in which to perform biodegradation testing.1This test method is under the jurisdiction o

12、f ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatment,Recovery and Reuse.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D5929 96 (2009).DOI: 10.1520/D5929-18.

13、2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Public Health Assoc., 1015 15th Stre

14、et, NW,Washington, DC 20005, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and WasteWater, 18th ed., 1992.4Tabak, H. H. and Lewis, R. F., “CEC/OECD Ring Test of Respiration Methodfor Determination of Biodegradability,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, pp.13.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Bar

15、r Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recomm

16、endations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2.3 oxygen uptake, nthe cumulative oxygen consumedby the organisms during the test.3.2.4 theoretical carbon dioxide production (ThCO2P),nthe maximum carbon dioxide that can be produced by amaterial as cal

17、culated by the carbon content of the material.3.2.5 theoretical oxygen uptake (ThOU), nthe maximumoxygen consumption required to fully oxidize a material basedon the elemental content of the material.3.2.6 virgin newsprintnonprinted newspaper roll stock.4. Test Method4.1 This test method consists of

18、 the following:4.1.1 The test samples are prepared by cutting or formingthe material into the form it would most likely be seen in thewaste stream. A theoretical maximum carbon dioxide produc-tion and oxygen uptake are determined from an elementalanalysis.4.1.2 An inoculum is obtained from a source-

19、separatedorganic MSW or yard waste compost facility. It is procuredfrom compost that has been composting for at least twomonths.4.1.3 The synthetic organic MSW is prepared from virginnewsprint, pine bark or wood chips, corn starch, corn oil,bovine casein, and urea. A buffer/dilution water is prepare

20、dfrom magnesium, calcium, iron, and a phosphate buffer.4.1.4 The test material, synthetic compost, inoculum, anddilution water are combined and placed in a temperature-controlled reactor which monitors oxygen consumption andtemperature and captures all evolved carbon dioxide.4.1.5 The system is moni

21、tored, and oxygen uptake rates,temperature profiles, and total carbon dioxide produced arerecorded.4.1.6 The total oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide producedare compared with the theoretical values obtained from theelemental analysis, and a percent of biodegradation is calcu-lated. Possible negative

22、effects of the material are evaluated byobserving the acclimation time of the synthetic MSW andevaluating the oxygen uptake rate.5. Significance and Use5.1 MSW composting is considered an important compo-nent in the overall solid waste management strategy. Thevolume reduction achieved by composting,

23、 combined with theproduction of a usable end product (for example, compost as asoil amendment), has resulted in municipalities analyzing andselecting source-separated organic MSW composting as analternative to landfill disposal of biodegradable organic mate-rials. This standard provides a method to

24、analyze and deter-mine the effect of materials on the compost process and theperformance, utility, and feasibility of the composting processas a method for managing organic solid waste material.5Usingthis method, key parameters of process performance, includingtheoretical oxygen uptake (ThOU) and th

25、eoretical carbondioxide production (ThCO2P) are determined.5.2 This test method provides a simulation of the overallcompost process while maintaining reproducibility. Exposingthe test material with several other types of organic materialsthat are typically in MSW provides an environment whichprovide

26、s the key characteristics of the composting process,including direct measurement of organism respiration.6. Apparatus6.1 Compost Respirometry Apparatus (see Fig. 1):6.1.1 A minimum of six reactors, 2 to 6-L volume, with thetest material in triplicate and the controls in triplicate. Thereactors shoul

27、d be surrounded with efficient insulation tominimize heat loss and be gastight. Insulation should be 8 cmof urethane foam or equivalent.Atemperature-controlled waterbath may be used as an alternative to insulating the vessels.6.1.2 Tubing, with high resistance to gas permeation.6.1.3 Peristaltic Pum

28、p, to control and maintain gas flowthrough each reactor.6.1.4 4-L Scrubber Vessel, for each reactor fitted with ascrubber solution sampling port.6.1.5 Differential Pressure Switch, for each reactor thatactuates between 2 and 5 in. (51 and 127 mm) of water.6.1.6 Solenoid and Mass Flowmeter, to contro

29、l and measurethe addition of pure (99.997+) oxygen to system.6.1.7 Temperature Probe, situated in the middle of thecompost.6.1.8 Data Acquisition and Control System, for the measure-ment of temperature and the control and measurement of theoxygen addition.6.2 Miscellaneous:6.2.1 Temperature Control

30、Room, water bath, or hood tomaintain the external temperature of the apparatus at 40 62 C.6.2.2 Flow Meter, to measure recirculation flow in eachreactor (optional).6.2.3 Computer Control of Peristaltic Pump, for automaticrecirculation flow control (optional).6.3 Suitable devices for the measurement

31、of pH, dry solids(105 C), elemental analysis of material, carbon dioxide con-tent of scrubbers, weight, and volume of the final compostmaterial.NOTE 1All apparatus components should be made of nonreactive andnonabsorbing material.7. Test Materials7.1 The test materials can be in any form as long as

32、theirdimensions do not exceed 3 by 3 by 12 cm. The test materialsshould be in the form that they would be present in the wastestream. A representative sample must be obtained by usingappropriate ASTM methods or other documented method.7.2 Analyze the test materials for carbon, hydrogen,nitrogen, oxy

33、gen, phosphorus, sulfur, and any other elementsthat are suspected to be present at a level to affect microbialmetabolism and oxygen uptake. The ThOU must be calculatedfor each material.7.2.1 Guide E1621, Test Method D6247, or other reliablemethods may be used for elemental analysis.5The Biocycle Gui

34、de to Composting Municipal Wastes, JG Press, Inc., 1989.D5929 1827.3 Calculate the ThCO2P from the carbon content of thetest material. See 12.2 for this calculation.7.4 The nitrogen content of the synthetic MSW should beincreased if the C/N ratio of the parent mixture is greater than40:1. This is ac

35、complished by adjusting the urea content of thesynthetic MSW. The synthetic MSW has adequate nitrogen tosupport the addition of up to 35 g of carbon before the ratioexceeds 40:1. If the urea content is adjusted, all reactorsincluding controls must contain the same concentration of urea.8. Reagents a

36、nd Materials8.1 Scrubber Solution, containing 3.25 N NaOH in distilledwater. Store in a gastight plastic container. Add 30 mg ofphenolphthalein to the solution to indicate scrubber exhaustion.8.2 Dilution/Buffer Solution, containing the following:Chemical Purpose Concentration, g/LKH2PO4phosphate bu

37、ffer 6.8Na2HPO47H2O phosphate buffer 55.6MgSO47H2O nutrient 0.0225CaCl2nutrient 0.0275FeCl36H2O nutrient 0.000258.3 Synthetic Municipal Solid Waste, containing thefollowing:6,7Constituent Chemical Used Dry Weight, %Cellulosics shredded, virgin newsprint 41Inerts pine bark or wood chips 39Carbohydrat

38、es corn starch 5.2Lipids corn oil 5.4Proteins bovine casein 2.0Organic nitrogen urea 1.4Buffer/Nutrient as listed 5.88.4 Polyethylene, or another non-biodegradable material isthe negative control material. It should be in the same form asthe test materials to provide the same physical conditions in

39、allreactors. The synthetic MSW acts as a positive control to verifythe viability of the inoculum, see 13.4 for requirements.9. Hazards9.1 This test method requires the use of hazardous chemi-cals. Avoid contact with the chemicals and follow the manu-facturers instructions and Safety Data Sheets.9.2

40、This test method does not address all of the health andsafety issues related to its use. It is the responsibility of the userto establish appropriate safety measures.9.3 High-purity, high-pressure gases can be dangerous if nothandled correctly. Follow all safety precautions and monitorthe system oft

41、en to ensure proper operation.10. Inoculum10.1 The inoculum should be obtained from MSW or yardwaste that has properly composted for two to four months. Thecompost should be screened with a 2g/kg, thereactors have soured and the results are invalid.12. Calculation12.1 Calculate the theoretical oxyge

42、n uptake (ThOU) fromthe percent by weight of each of the elements:ThOU mg O2/mg! 5 C/37.51H/12.51N/29.2 (1)1P/48.41S/66.7 2 O/10012.2 The theoretical carbon dioxide production (ThCO2P) isalso determined from the elemental analysis and is calculatedas follows:ThCO2P mg CO2/mg! 5 % by weight carbon!3.

43、667! (2)12.3 Calculate the oxygen uptake due to the test material bysubtracting the mean of the control reactors from each of thetest reactors at each data point.12.4 Calculate the total carbon dioxide produced by sub-tracting the mean of the control analytical results from each ofthe test reactors.

44、12.5 Calculate the percent of theoretical total oxygen uptakeand carbon dioxide by dividing the measured totals by thecalculated ThOU or ThCO2P and multiplying by 100.12.6 Calculate the standard deviation (Sd) of the triplicatesamples: 51N(i51Nxi2 !2(3)where:xi= each individual sample, andN = the nu

45、mber of samples.12.7 Indicate the level of uncertainty based upon any knownor observed limitations/precision of the test apparatus, includ-ing measuring devices.12.8 The acclimation time for the test material and compostmatrix can be determined at the point when the oxygen uptakeexceeded 10 % of the

46、 total oxygen uptake for that reactor.12.9 If the test materials oxygen uptake curve shows anegative slope at the beginning of the curve, the test materialacclimation time is calculated at the point where the slope ofthe oxygen uptake curve becomes positive for a minimum of24 h.13. Interpretation of

47、 Results13.1 The acclimation time can provide valuable informationon the toxicity or inhibition effects of the test material.D5929 18413.2 The percent of theoretical oxygen uptake is an excel-lent measure of the biodegradability of the test material sinceit represents the mineralization of carbon in

48、 addition to allother oxidative reactions.13.3 The percent of theoretical carbon dioxide productioncan be used to measure biodegradability (with limitations) andcan be used to correlate results with other carbon dioxide-basedtest methods.13.4 To ensure an active and viable inoculum, the totaloxygen

49、uptake for the control reactors should exceed 80 g. Ifthis is not observed over the 45 days, then the test must beregarded as invalid and should be repeated with new inoculum.13.5 If the standard deviation of the blank triplicate rendersa negative result when referenced to the mean of the triplicate,the test is invalid and should be repeated with new inoculum.14. Report14.1 Report the following information and data with stan-dard deviations and 95 % confidence intervals when appropri-ate:14.1.1 Information on source, dry solids, storage conditions,and age o