ASTM D5615-2007 Standard Test Method for Operating Characteristics of Home Reverse Osmosis Devices《家用反渗透装置工作特征的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: D 5615 07Standard Test Method forOperating Characteristics of Home Reverse OsmosisDevices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5615; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev

2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determination of the operatingcharacteristics of home reverse osmosis devices using standardtest cond

3、itions. It does not necessarily determine the charac-teristics of the devices operating on natural waters.1.2 This test method is applicable for spiral-wound devices.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This

4、standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2

5、.1 ASTM Standards:2D 512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion In WaterD 1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Re-sistivity of WaterD 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 1293 Test Methods for pH of WaterD 2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias

6、 ofApplicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on WaterD 4194 Test Methods for Operating Characteristics of Re-verse Osmosis and Nanofiltration DevicesD 4516 Practice for Standardizing Reverse Osmosis Perfor-mance DataD 6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltra-tion, Nanofiltration and Rev

7、erse Osmosis Membrane Pro-cesses3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D 1129. For descriptions ofterms relating to reverse osmosis, refer toTest Methods D 4194and D 6161.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of determinin

8、g the permeateflow rate and sodium chloride rejection for reverse osmosisdevices at 345-kPa (50-psi) feed gage pressure, 25C and 22 %conversion using an aqueous 300-mg/L sodium chloride solu-tion.5. Significance and Use5.1 Home reverse osmosis devices are typically used toremove salts and other impu

9、rities from drinking water at thepoint of use. They are usually operated at tap water linepressure, with water containing up to several hundred milli-grams per litre of total dissolved solids. This test methodpermits measurement of the performance of home reverseosmosis devices using a standard set

10、of conditions and isintended for short-term testing (less than 24 h). This testmethod can be used to determine changes that may haveoccurred in the operating characteristics of home reverseosmosis devices during use, but it is not intended to be used forsystem design. This test method does not neces

11、sarily determinethe devices performance when solutes other than sodiumchloride are present. Use Practice D 4516 and Test MethodsD 4194 to standardize actual field data to a standard set ofconditions.5.2 This test method is applicable for spiral-wound devices.6. Apparatus6.1 The apparatus for the tes

12、t method is described schemati-cally in Fig. 1. A conductivity meter can be used to determinethe salt concentration in accordance withTest Methods D 1125.6.2 Installation:6.2.1 Materials of construction shall preferably be of plasticor stainless steel (use 316 or better to minimize corrosion) forall

13、 wetted parts to prevent contamination of the feed solutionby corrosion products. Do not use reactive piping material suchas plain carbon steel, galvanized or cadmium-plated carbon1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Waterand is the direct responsibility of Subcommitt

14、ee D19.08 on Membranes and IonExchange Materials.Current edition approved June 15, 2007. Published July 2007. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 5615 95 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service a

15、t serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.steel, and cast iron for piping. Ensure that no c

16、ontaminationwill occur from oil films on new metal piping, release agentson raw plastic components, or feed solutions used in the systempreviously. Whether stainless steel or plastic, all pressurizedcomponents should be designed based on the manufacturersworking pressure rating. Review the manufactu

17、rers rating forcompliance with standard engineering practice.6.2.2 The reverse osmosis testing apparatus is representedschematically in Fig. 1. It consists of a feed holding tankequipped with a thermostated heat exchanger system to main-tain the feed solution at the desired temperature, a centrifuga

18、lpump, and a home reverse osmosis device. The feed tank is ata higher level than the pump to keep the pump suction flooded.Use a valve with minimum flow restriction to prevent exces-sive pressure drop (for example, a ball valve or plug valve) fora shut-off valve. The filter can be either a strainer

19、(100 mesh)or a 25-m filter (based on the suppliers recommendation).The pressure control valve is a back pressure regulator but canbe substituted with a manually operated needle valve. Theconcentrate flow is controlled with a needle valve or a capillarytube. The high-pressure shutoff should have a cu

20、toff point at agage pressure of approximately 690 kPa (100 psi) or lower ifany part of the pressurized system cannot withstand thispressure. The testing apparatus shall be cleaned thoroughlybefore use to remove contaminants, including microorganisms.6.3 Instrumentation:6.3.1 See Fig. 1 for pressure

21、tap locations. Locate these asclose as possible to the reverse osmosis device. Use a cali-brated transducer or a single gage equipped with a high-pressure “quick connect” or Taylor plug gage fitting formeasuring individual pressures and the device pressure drop(DP). Individual gages are also satisfa

22、ctory but are not asreliable as a quick-connect test gage or a special DP gage.6.3.2 TemperatureThe permeate temperature must bemeasured, and this should be accomplished close to thepermeate port. The probe of calibrated dial thermometers orresistance thermometers should be immersed in the flowingpe

23、rmeate.6.3.3 Flow MetersCalibrated flow meters are used tomeasure the concentrate and permeate flows. Alternatively, theflows can be measured volumetrically using a calibratedgraduated cylinder and a stopwatch.6.3.4 pH Meter.6.3.5 Temperature-Compensated Conductivity/ResistivityMeter.6.4 OperationOp

24、erate the apparatus by drawing the feedsolution from the tank and pumping one part of it directly backto the tank by means of the pressure control valve and the otherpart through the reverse osmosis device under pressure. Returnboth the permeate stream and the concentrate stream to the feedtank so t

25、hat its volume and solute concentration remainconstant. Direct the return flows in the feed tank to provideadequate mixing. Use the heat exchanger coils in the feed tankto increase the feed to the specified operating temperature andthereafter to remove the energy load generated by the pump.7. Reagen

26、ts7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents conform to the specifications of the Committee onFIG. 1 Flow Schematic of Testing ApparatusD5615072Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society wheresuch spe

27、cifications are available.3Other grades may be used,provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficientlyhigh purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood to mean reage

28、nt water as definedby Type III of Specification D 1193.7.3 Sodium Chloride Feed Solution (300 mg/L)Dissolvesodium chloride in water to make a solution containing 300 610 mg NaCl/L solution. Use Test Methods D 1293 to measurethe pH and, if necessary, add HCl solution or NaOH solution toadjust the pH

29、to 7.0 to 7.8.8. Procedure8.1 Startup and Operating Procedure:8.1.1 Make preliminary checks to ensure that all fittings aretight and all components are operational.8.1.2 Flush the device with water in accordance with thesuppliers recommendations to remove sanitizing and winter-izing agents from the

30、device. During flushing the concentrateand permeate go to drain.8.1.3 Pre-wet the membrane in accordance with the suppli-ers recommendations if recommended.8.1.4 Fill the tank with feed solution at the proper concen-tration and temperature.8.1.5 Open the feed supply valve, concentrate flow controlva

31、lve, and pressure control valve. Start the pump.8.1.6 Increase the feed pressure to a gage pressure of 345 67 kPa (50 6 1 psi). This is accomplished by first adjusting theconcentrate flow control valve to provide a concentrate flowrate in the range from 10 to 30 times the permeate flow rate andthen

32、activating the back pressure regulator. If the pressurereaches operating pressure with the flow control valve opencompletely, the flow rate through the reverse osmosis devicecan be too high and damage the reverse osmosis element.Where the pressure control valve is a needle valve, this and theflow co

33、ntrol valve are adjusted simultaneously to reach theoperating pressure.8.1.6.1 The permeate gage pressure must be less than 7 kPa(1 psi).8.1.7 Adjust the concentrate flow rate so conversion be-comes 20 6 5 % by adjusting the concentrate flow controlvalve or the length of the capillary tube. The pres

34、sure controlvalve may need to be adjusted simultaneously to keep the feedpressure constant.8.1.8 Check and adjust the cooling system in the feed tankto provide a permeate temperature of 25 6 1C.8.2 Data Recording:8.2.1 One hour after startup, measure and record the follow-ing on a data sheet:8.2.1.1

35、 Gage pressures (feed, concentrate, and permeate),8.2.1.2 Permeate flow rate,8.2.1.3 Concentrate flow rate,8.2.1.4 Permeate temperature, and8.2.1.5 Feed pH.Measure the conductivity of the feed, permeate, and concen-trate using a conductivity meter in accordance with TestMethods D 1125, or determine

36、the chloride content of the threestreams in accordance with Test Methods D 512.8.2.2 If the temperature, pressure, pH, or conversion hasfallen outside the specified conditions, make adjustments tobring them within specified conditions. Allow 0.5 h aftermaking adjustments before collecting data.8.2.3

37、 Repeat the steps given in 8.2.1 and 8.2.2 once per houruntil three successive permeate flow rates (corrected to 25C)and solute passages at specified conditions agree within 5 %and 10 % (relative), respectively. The permeate flow rate andsolute passage of the device are the arithmetic averages ofthe

38、se respective three successive values.8.3 Shutdown ProcedureShut off the pump. Allow thepressure to reach zero before disconnecting any plumbing inthe system. Ensure that the reverse osmosis element is kept wetat all times and is sanitized or winterized properly, or both,(based on the suppliers reco

39、mmendations) for long-termstorage (more than 5 days).9. Calculation9.1 Calculate the feed flow rate as follows:Qf5 Qp1 Qc(1)where:Qf= feed flow rate,Qp= permeate flow rate, andQc= concentrate flow rate.9.2 Calculate the conversion, %, as follows:conversion 5 Qp/Qf! 3 100 (2)9.3 Calculate the salt pa

40、ssage, %, as follows:salt passage 5 Cp/ Cf! 3 100(3)where:Cp= salt concentration in permeate, andCf= salt concentration in feed.NOTE 1The use of conductivity ratios for calculating salt passage willyield slightly different results as compared to using ratios from chlorideion analyses. However, for t

41、he concentration ranges involved for this testmethod, the slight error resulting from using conductivity ratios is notsignificant.9.4 Calculate the rejection, %, as follows:rejection 5 1 2 Cp/ Cf!# 3 100(4)9.5 Calculate the temperature-corrected permeate flow rate,Qp(25C). The permeate flow rate, Qp

42、, should be corrected to25C using the suppliers correction factor or, if unavailable,Qp(25C) = Qp3 1.03(25T)can be used, where T is the actualtest temperature in C.3Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications , AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing

43、of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.D561507310. Precision and Bias10.1 PrecisionThe pre

44、cision of this test method wasdetermined from tests conducted at four laboratories with twooperators per laboratory, each testing three home reverseosmosis devices three times. Practice D 2777 was used todevelop the precision estimates.10.1.1 The overall permeate flow rate was 19.8, 26.3, and37.8 mL

45、/min, respectively, for the three individual reverseosmosis devices. The precision of the test method for thepermeate flow rate of the reverse osmosis devices was asfollows: single operator precision (So) = 2 to 3 % of theaverage permeate flow value; and overall precision (ST)=5to11 % of the average

46、 permeate flow value. There was nocorrelation between the precision and level of average perme-ate flow.10.1.2 The overall salt passage was 1.29, 1.47, and 1.72 %,respectively, for the three individual reverse osmosis devices.The precision of the test method for the salt passage of thereverse osmosi

47、s devices was as follows: single operator preci-sion (So) = 9 to 16 % of the average salt passage; and overallprecision (ST) = 15 to 22 % of the average salt passage. Therewas no correlation between the precision and level of averagesalt passage.10.2 BiasNo true values can be assigned to the operati

48、ngcharacteristics of reverse osmosis devices, and thus the deter-mination of bias is not applicable.11. Keywords11.1 home RO; point of use; reverse osmosis; RO devicesASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin th

49、is standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive ca