ASCE 39-15-2015 Guidelines for Operational Hail Suppression Programs.pdf

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1、 ASCE STANDARD ANSI/ASCE/EWRI 39-15American Society of Civil EngineersGuidelines for OperationalHail Suppression ProgramsThis document uses both the International System of Units (SI) and customary units.Published by the American Society of Civil EngineersLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publicatio

2、n DataGuidelines for operational hail suppression programs.pages cm. (ASCE standard)“ANSI/ASCE/EWRI 39-15.”“This document uses both the International System of Units (SI) and customary units.”ISBN 978-0-7844-1356-2 (print : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-7844-7914-8 (ebook)1. Hail control. 2. Weather contro

3、l. I. American Society of Civil Engineers.II. Title: Hail suppression programs.QC929.H15G85 2015551.68787dc232015007868Published by American Society of Civil Engineers1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia 20191-4382www.asce.org/bookstore | ascelibrary.orgThis standard was developed by a consensu

4、s standards development process that has beenaccredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Accreditation by ANSI, avoluntary accreditation body representing public and private sector standards developmentorganizations in the United States and abroad, signies that the standards deve

5、lopmentprocess used by ASCE has met the ANSI requirements for openness, balance, consensus, anddue process.While ASCEs process is designed to promote standards that reect a fair and reasonedconsensus among all interested participants, while preserving the public health, safety, andwelfare that is pa

6、ramount to its mission, it has not made an independent assessment of anddoes not warrant the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information,apparatus, product, or process discussed herein. ASCE does not intend, nor shouldanyone interpret, ASCEs standards to replace the sound judg

7、ment of a competentprofessional, having knowledge and experience in the appropriate eld(s) of practice, norto substitute for the standard of care required of such professionals in interpreting andapplying the contents of this standard.ASCE has no authority to enforce compliance with its standards an

8、d does not undertake tocertify products for compliance or to render any professional services to any person or entity.ASCE disclaims any and all liability for any personal injury, property damage, nancial loss,or other damages of any nature whatsoever, including without limitation any direct, indire

9、ct,special, exemplary, or consequential damages resulting from any persons use of, or relianceon, this standard. Any individual who relies on this standard assumes full responsibility forsuch use.ASCE and American Society of Civil EngineersRegistered in U.S. Patent and TrademarkOfce.Photocopies and

10、permissions. Permission to photocopy or reproduce material from ASCEpublications can be requested by sending an e-mail to permissionsasce.org or by locating atitle in ASCEs Civil Engineering Database (http:/cedb.asce.org) or ASCE Library (http:/ascelibrary.org) and using the “Permissions” link.Errat

11、a: Errata, if any, can be found at http:/dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413562.Copyright 2015 by the American Society of Civil Engineers.All Rights Reserved.ISBN 978-0-7844-1356-2 (print)ISBN 978-0-7844-7914-8 (PDF)Manufactured in the United States of America.22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 1 2 3 4 5ASCE STANDAR

12、DSIn 2014, the Board of Direction approved revisions to the ASCERules for Standards Committees to govern the writing andmaintenance of standards developed by ASCE. All such stan-dards are developed by a consensus standards process managedby the ASCE Codes and Standards Committee (CSC). Theconsensus

13、process includes balloting by a balanced standardscommittee and reviewing during a public comment period. Allstandards are updated or reafrmed by the same process everyve to ten years. Requests for formal interpretations shall beprocessed in accordance with Section 7 of ASCE Rules forStandards Commi

14、ttees, which are available at www.asce.org.Errata, addenda, supplements, and interpretations, if any, for thisstandard can also be found at www.asce.org.The provisions of this document have been written inpermissive language and, as such, offer to the user a series ofoptions or instructions but do n

15、ot prescribe a specic courseof action. Signicant judgment has been left to the user ofthis document.This standard has been prepared in accordance with recog-nized engineering principles and should not be used without theusers competent knowledge for a given application. The publi-cation of this stan

16、dard by ASCE is not intended to warrant thatthe information contained therein is suitable for any general orspecic use, and ASCE takes no position respecting the validityof patent rights. The user is advised that the determination ofpatent rights or risk of infringement is entirely his or her ownres

17、ponsibility.A complete list of currently available standards is availablein the ASCE Library (http:/ascelibrary.org/page/books/s-standards).iiiThis page intentionally left blank ACKNOWLEDGMENTSMany people contributed materially to this document by theircomments, review, illustrations, and photograph

18、s. The primaryauthors of this document were the members of the AtmosphericWater Management Standards Committee of the ASCE Envi-ronmental and Water Resources Institute:Arie Ben-ZviBruce A. Boe (Past Chair)George W. Bomar (Representative to the EWRI StandardsDevelopment Council and Immediate Past Cha

19、ir)Robert R. CzysThomas P. DeFelice (Secretary)Joseph H. GoldenDon A. GrifthMark IveyConrad G. Keyes, Jr. (Vice Chair)Nathan R. KuhnertDarin W. Langerud (Chair)David A. MatthewsGary Riley (deceased)Maurice D. RoosSigmund SilberPaul L. SmithJames StalkerGuidelines for Operational Hail Suppression Pro

20、grams vThis page intentionally left blank CONTENTSASCE STANDARDS iiiACKNOWLEDGMENTS . v1 SCOPE 11.1 Applicable Documents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 THE HAIL PROBLEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.1 Historical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2 The Status of Hail Suppression Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2.1 American Society of Civil En

22、gineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2.2 Weather Modication Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2.3 American Meteorological Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2.4 The

23、National Research Council and Weather Modication Association Viewpoints . . . . . . . . 53 HAIL CONCEPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.1 Requirements for Hail Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24、. . . . . . . . . . . . 73.2 The Scientic Basis for Hail Suppression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.2.1 Benecial Competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.2.2 Early Rainout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.2.3 Trajectory Lowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.2.4 Promotion of Coalescence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.2.5 Dynamic Effect

26、s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.2.6 Other Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.3 Concept Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27、 . . . . . . . . . 93.4 Cloud Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 THE DESIGN OF HAIL SUPPRESSION OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.1 Denition of Project Scope . . . . . . . . . . . .

28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.1.1 Historical Hail Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.1.2 Historical Radar Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.1.3 Basi

29、c Project Area Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.1.4 Initial Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.1.5 Climatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30、. . . . . . . . . . . 124.2 Seeding Agent Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.2.1 Silver Iodide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134.2.2 Dry Ice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.2.3 Other Ice Nucleants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.2.4 Hygroscopic Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.2.5 Q

32、uality Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.3 Delivery Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.3.1 Airborne Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.3.2 Ground-Based Ice Nucleus Generator Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174.3.3 Rockets and Artillery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174.4 Meteorological Data Collection and Forecast

34、ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.4.1 Forecasting and Nowcasting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.4.1.1 Government Forecast Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.4.1.2 On-Site Opera

35、tional Forecasts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.4.2 Remote Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.4.2.1 Meteorological Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.4.2.2

36、Satellite Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214.4.2.3 Lightning Location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Guidelines for Operational Hail Suppression Programs vii4.4.3 Visual Cloud Appearance . . . . . . . .

37、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.4.4 Updraft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.4.5 Numerical Cloud Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.4.5.1 Predic

38、tive Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.4.5.2 Diagnostic Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.5 Selection and Siting of Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39、 . . 254.5.1 Aircraft Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254.5.1.1 In Situ Cloud Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254.5.1.2 Cloud Ice Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40、. . . . . . . . . 254.5.1.3 Cloud Water Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254.5.1.4 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264.5.2 Placement of Ground Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264.5.3 Placement of Rocket Launchers or Artillery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274.6 Legal Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274.6.1 Potential for Litigation. . . . .

42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274.6.2 Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274.7 Environmental Concerns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43、. . 274.7.1 Redistribution of Precipitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284.7.2 Seeding Agent Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 CONDUCT OF OPERATIONAL HAIL SUPPRESSION PROJECTS. . . . . . . . . .

44、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.1 The Operations Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.2 Personnel Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.2.1 Meteorological Staff . .

45、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.2.2 Cloud Treatment Pilots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.2.3 Support Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46、 . 305.3 Operational Decision Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305.3.1 Chronology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305.3.2 Opportunity Recognition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315.3.2.1 Aircraft Flight Crews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315.3.2.2 Treatment by Ground-Based Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315.3.2.3 Treatment by Rocket or Artillery . . . . . . .

48、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315.4 Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315.5 Safety Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325.5.1 Safety of

49、 Field Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325.5.1.1 Radar Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325.5.1.2 Use, Handling, and Storage of Seeding Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325.5.1.3 Severe Weather Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325.5.1.4 Aircraft Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .