ACI 376-2011 Code Requirements for Design and Construction of Concrete Structures for the Containment of Refrigerated Liquefied Gases and Commentary.pdf

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1、ACI 376-11Code Requirements for Design and Construction of Concrete Structures for the Containment of Refrigerated Liquefied Gases and CommentaryReported by ACI Committee 376First Printing: May 2013Errata as of: October 12, 2015Code Requirements for Design and Construction of Concrete Structures for

2、 the Containment of Refrigerated Liquefi ed Gases and CommentaryCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, fi lm, or other distribution and storage m

3、edia, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally fi nd information or requirements that may b

4、e subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are requested to contact ACI via the errata website at www.concrete.org/committees/errata.asp. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for e

5、rrata for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the signifi cance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the mate-rial it contains. Individuals

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7、f merchantability, fi tness for a particular purpose or non-infringement.ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental, or con-sequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profi ts, which may result from the use

8、 of this publication.It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate to the specifi c circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user m

9、ust determine the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regulations, including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) health and safety standards.Participation by governmen

10、tal representatives in the work of the American Concrete Institute and in the develop-ment of Institute standards does not constitute governmental endorsement of ACI or the standards that it develops.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic

11、subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-8

12、48-3701www.concrete.orgISBN-13: 978-0-87031-814-6ISBN: 0-87031-814-4ACI 376-11Code Requirements for Design and Construction of Concrete Structures for the Containment of Refrigerated Liquefied Gases (ACI 376-11) and CommentaryAn ACI StandardReported by ACI Committee 376Neven Krstulovic-Opara, Chair

13、Piotr D. Moncarz, SecretaryJunius AllenDale Berner Mike S. BrannanHamish DouglasCharles S. HanskatHumayun HashmiAlan D. HatfieldKare HjortesetGeorge C. HoffRichard A. HoffmannJohn Holleyoak Joseph HoptayThomas R. HoweDajiu JiangJameel U. Khalifa Nicholas A. LegatosPraveen K. MalhotraKeith A. MashSte

14、phen MeierRobert W. NussmeierRolf P. PawskiRamanujam S. RajanWilliam E. Rushing Jr.Robert W. SwardEric S. ThompsonSheng-Chi WuConsulting membersRobert ArvedlundJames P. LewisTerry TurpinNote: Special acknowledgment to Jeffrey Garrison for his contributions to this document.Keywords: bund wall; commi

15、ssioning; cryogenic; damage stability; decom-missioning; earthquake design levels; fatigue; float out; floating storage unit; foundation heating; gravity base structure; impact loads; liners; liquefied natural gas; liquid stratification; permanent ballast; purging; refrigerated liquefied gas; reinfo

16、rcement (cryogenic); tanks; thermal corner protection.ContentsIntRoDUCtIon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3CHAPteR 1GeneRAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51.1Scope51.2Quality assurance 6CHAPteR 2notAtIon AnD DeFInItIons . . . . .72.1Notation72.2Definitions8CHAPteR

17、3ReFeRenCeD stAnDARDs . . . . .14CHAPteR 4MAteRIALs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184.1Testing of materials184.2Cementitious materials .184.3Aggregates 184.4Water .194.5Admixtures 194.6Fibers.194.7Deformed reinforcement194.8Plate steel composite with concrete .204.9Prestressed reinforcement .

18、214.10Prestressing anchorages .214.11Post-tensioning ducts .224.12Grout 224.13Metal liners and nonstructural metal components .224.14Insulation.234.15Coating requirements .231ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting c

19、onstruction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and al

20、l responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, the

21、y shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 376-11 was adopted November 11, 2011, and was published May 2013.Copyright 2013, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including t

22、he making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.CHAPteR 5DesIG

23、n LoADs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245.1Design loads .245.2Loading conditions 28CHAPteR 6MInIMUM PeRFoRMAnCe ReQUIReMents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316.1General .316.2Primary concrete container 316.3Secondary concrete container 346.4Roof performance criteria.356.5Other

24、 performance criteria 356.6Concrete quality 366.7Shotcrete 406.8Coating design .406.9Metal components.41CHAPteR 7LoAD FACtoRs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427.1General .427.2Load factors for ultimate limit state of primary container 427.3Load factors for ultimate limit state of secondary container 4

25、5CHAPteR 8AnALYsIs AnD DesIGn . . . . . . . . .498.1Methods of analysis .498.2Design basis .548.3Foundation design.548.4Wall design 558.5Roof design 58CHAPteR 9DetAILInG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .609.1General .609.2Reinforcement details 609.3Internal prestressing systems 619.4External pre

26、stressing systems 639.5Concrete containment wall 639.6Metal components.659.7Anchorage to concrete .669.8Liners and coatings 67CHAPteR 10FoUnDAtIons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6910.1General 6910.2Geotechnical investigation .6910.3Design requirements for shallow foundations 7210.4Design requirements

27、 for deep foundations .7610.5Ground improvement .8010.6Foundation details8010.7Foundation performance monitoring details8210.8Monitoring frequency .8410.9Inspection and testing .85CHAPteR 11ConstRUCtIon ReQUIReMents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8711.1Construction plan 8711.2T

28、olerances 8711.3Shotcrete for external prestressing systems 9011.4Post-tensioning 9111.5Winding of prestressed reinforcement: wire or strand 9511.6Forming9511.7Construction joints .9711.8Concrete embedments.9711.9Coatings .9811.10Welding .98CHAPteR 12CoMMIssIonInG/DeCoMMIssIonInG . . . . . . . . . .

29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9912.1Scope9912.2Testing.9912.3Pressure and vacuum testing.10412.4Purging into service .10512.5Cool-down.10612.6Settlement and movement monitoring .10812.7Liquefied natural gas tank fill methods.10912.8Decommissioning: purging out of service and warm-up .10912.9Recordkeep

30、ing .11112.10Nameplate 111APPenDIX AtAnK ConFIGURAtIons, DetAILs, AnD eXAMPLes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113RA.1Tank configurations .113RA.2Full-containment tanks: typical details 113RA.3Examples of base joint details.113APPenDIX BoFFsHoRe ConCRete teRMInALs . . . . . . . .

31、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124B.1Scope .124B.2General 124B.3Loads and load combinations.125B.4Concrete and reinforcement materials 128B.5Global and local structural analysis 129B.6Criteria and methodology of concrete sectional design .131B.7Fatigue performance criteria .132B.8Design

32、considerations during construction, transportation, and installation 132B.9Decommissioning135B.10Design for accidents.135APPenDIX CFAtIGUe PeRFoRMAnCe . . . . .139C.1Scope .139C.2General 139C.3Fatigue performance criteria .139CoMMentARY ReFeRenCes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142American Concrete Inst

33、itute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.org2 RequIRementS foR ConCRete StRuCtuReS foR ContAInment of RefRIGeRAteD LIquefIeD GASeS (ACI 376-11)IntRoDuCtIonACI Committee 376 was formed and subsequently ACI 376-11 was drafted in response to a request from the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

34、Technical Committee 59A on liquefied natural gas (LNG). That committee is responsible for NFPA 59A, which is an internationally recognized standard governing the production, storage, and handling of LNG at an operating temperature of 270F.NFPA 59A contains provisions for the use of rein-forced concr

35、ete and prestressed concrete for two principal applications: 1) impoundmentsecondary containment in conjunction with a metallic primary container; and 2) storageprimary containment. NFPA 59A is somewhat limited; it does not provide guidelines specifically tailored to concrete use at cryogenic temper

36、atures. This limitation was the impetus for Committee 59As request. Although the request was related specifically to containment of LNG, this code addresses concrete use for other refrigerated liquefied gas (RLG) as well, ranging in operating temperatures from +40 to 325F. This makes the code and co

37、mmentary analo-gous to the American Petroleum Institutes API 620, which governs design and construction of steel and aluminum RLG storage tanks to 270F.The most common use of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete in cryogenic storage applications is for secondary containment around metal prim

38、ary storage tanks. Prestressed concrete primary containment tanks were built in North America and Europe from the 1960s through the 1980s. Renewed interest in the use of concrete for primary containment and the need for a code that addressed secondary concrete containment led to the development of t

39、his code, which includes pertinent excerpts from ACI 318-11 and ACI 350-06. The commentary includes considerations by the committee in developing the code.The commentary is not intended to provide a complete historical background concerning development of the code, nor is it intended to provide a de

40、tailed summary of the studies and research data reviewed by the committee in formulating its provisions. References to specific research data are provided for more in-depth study of the background materials.ACI 376 may be used as a part of a legally adopted code and, as such, must differ in form and

41、 substance from docu-ments that provide detailed specifications, recommended practice, complete design procedures, or design aids.Requirements more stringent than the code provisions are desirable for unusual structures. This code and commentary cannot replace sound engineering knowledge, experience

42、, and judgment. A code for design and construction states the minimum requirements necessary to provide for public health and safety. ACI 376 is based on this principle. For any structure, the owner and engineer may require the quality of materials and construction to be higher than the minimum requ

43、irements necessary to provide serviceability and to protect the public as stated in the code. Lower standards, however, are not permitted.ACI 376 has no legal status unless it is adopted by regula-tory bodies. Where the code has not been adopted, it may serve as a reference to good practice. The cod

44、e provides a means of establishing minimum standards for acceptance of design and construction by a legally appointed official or designated representative. The code and commentary are not intended for use in settling disputes between the owner, engineer, contractor, or their agents, subcontrac-tors

45、, material suppliers, or testing agencies. Therefore, the code cannot define the contract responsibility of each of the parties in typical construction. General references requiring compliance with ACI 376 in the job specifications should be avoided because the contractor is rarely in a position to

46、accept responsibility for design details or construction requirements that depend on a detailed knowledge of the design. Generally, the contract documents should contain all of the necessary requirements to ensure compliance with the code. In part, this can be accomplished by reference to specific c

47、ode sections in the job specifications. Other ACI publications, such as ACI 301, are written specifically for use as contract documents for construction.American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.orgRequIRementS foR ConCRete StRuCtuReS foR ContAInment of RefRIGeRAteD LIquefIeD GASe

48、S (ACI 376-11) 3American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.org4 RequIRementS foR ConCRete StRuCtuReS foR ContAInment of RefRIGeRAteD LIquefIeD GASeS (ACI 376-11)CHAPteR 1GeneRAL1.1ScopeThis code provides minimum requirements for design and construction of reinforced concrete and pr

49、estressed concrete structures for the storage and containment of refrigerated liquefied gases (RLG) with service temperatures between +40 and 325F. Notwithstanding, the principals listed herein are applicable to concrete foundations of double-steel tanks subject to the approval of the owner.Container design shall include the design of the container wall, its foundation (footing and floor slab), the concrete portions of its roof, and the bund wall, whenever applicable.R