ACI 374.2R-2013 Guide for Testing Reinforced Concrete Structural Elements under Slowly Applied Simulated Seismic Loads.pdf

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1、ACI 374.2R-13Guide for Testing Reinforced Concrete Structural Elements under Slowly Applied Simulated Seismic LoadsReported by ACI Committee 374First PrintingAugust 2013Guide for Testing Reinforced Concrete Structural Elements under Slowly Applied Simulated Seismic LoadsCopyright by the American Con

2、crete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committe

3、e reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have sug

4、gestions for the improvement of ACI documents are requested to contact ACI via the errata website at www.concrete.org/committees/errata.asp. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of ind

5、ividuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk and accept total responsibility for the appli

6、cation and use of this information.All information in this publication is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement.ACI and its members discla

7、im liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental, or con-sequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result from the use of this publication.It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and s

8、afety practices appropriate to the specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applying the document and must c

9、omply with all applicable laws and regulations, including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) health and safety standards.Participation by governmental representatives in the work of the American Concrete Institute and in the develop-ment of Institu

10、te standards does not constitute governmental endorsement of ACI or the standards that it develops.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee repor

11、ts are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgISBN-13: 978-0-87031-837-5ISBN: 0-87031-837-3American Concrete InstituteAdvanc

12、ing concrete knowledgeThis is a guide for testing reinforced concrete structural elements under slowly applied simulated seismic loading. The tests are primarily intended for assessing strength, stiffness, and deform-ability of elements under earthquake effects. Integrated are guide-lines on primary

13、 stages of structural testing, including design and preparation of test specimens, materials testing, instrumen-tation, test procedure and loading regime, test observations and data collection, and reporting of test observations and test data. Emphasis is on the correlation of test data and predeter

14、mined structural performance levels to enable performance-based design practices. Drift ratio is adopted as the primary performance indi-cator. Increments of drift ratio are used in describing the loading history. More refined deformation components are used to describe element performance levels an

15、d assist in establishing whether a given test specimen meets the requirements of a specific perfor-mance level.This guide summarizes ASCE 41-06 performance levels as opera-tional, immediate occupancy, life safety, and collapse prevention. It outlines different types of structural elements and subass

16、emblies that may be tested, and identifies specific requirements for boundary conditions, instrumentation, and test setups. Unidirectional and bidirectional loading histories are described in terms of incremen-tally increasing lateral drift ratio cycles. Methods of recording and reporting essential

17、components of deformation and force quantities are identified to correlate test data and target performance levels. This guide is intended to maximize the usefulness of information that can be acquired from experimental research. It is intended to complement guidelines for structural testing with sp

18、ecific focus. This guide is not intended for seismic qualification by testing agen-cies, though they can be used as resource materials for the develop-ment of such qualification protocols.Keywords: cyclic loading; earthquake effects; instrumentation; perfor-mance-based design; performance levels; se

19、ismic design; seismic loads; structural concrete; structural testing; structural testing guidelines.CONTENTSCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 21.1Introduction, p. 21.2Scope, p. 3CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS, p. 32.1Notation, p. 32.2Definitions, p. 4ACI 374.2R-13Guide for Testing Reinforced Co

20、ncrete Structural Elements under Slowly Applied Simulated Seismic LoadsReported by ACI Committee 374Sergio M. Alcocer, Chair Andrew W. Taylor, SecretaryMark A. AschheimJohn F. BonacciJoseph M. BracciSergio F. BreaPaul J. BrienenJoAnn P. BrowningJeffrey J. DragovichJuan Carlos EsquivelLuis E. GarciaM

21、ary Beth D. HuesteIvan JelicRonald KlemencicRichard E. KlingnerBrian T. KnightMervyn J. Kowalsky*Michael E. KregerJames M. LaFaveAndres LepageVilas S. MujumdarStavroula J. PantazopoulouChris P. Pantelides*Jose A. PincheiraMario E. Rodriguez*Murat Saatcioglu*Mehrdad SasaniShamim A. Sheikh*Myoungsu Sh

22、inBozidar Stojadinovic*John H. TessemJohn W. WallaceFernando Yanez*ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the signific

23、ance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising

24、 therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 374.2R-13 was adop

25、ted and published August 2013.Copyright 2013, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for

26、sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.*Subcommittee members who prepared this guide. Chair of subcommittee responsible for preparing report.1CHAPTER 3STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE LEVE

27、LS, p. 43.1Operational structural performance level, p. 53.2Immediate occupancy structural performance level, p. 53.3Life safety structural performance level, p. 53.4Collapse prevention structural performance level, p. 5CHAPTER 4TEST SPECIMENS AND TEST PROCEDURES, p. 64.1Specimen types, p. 64.2Analy

28、tical predictions, p. 64.3Material testing, p. 74.4Preparation of test specimens, p. 74.5Test setup, boundary conditions, and loads, p. 74.6Instrumentation and data acquisition, p. 84.7Execution of tests and test control parameters, p. 84.8Experimental observations, p. 10CHAPTER 5LOADING PROGRAM AND

29、 LOADING HISTORY, p. 105.1Monotonic loading, p. 105.2Unidirectional load reversals, p. 105.3Bidirectional load reversals, p. 11CHAPTER 6CORRELATION OF TESTS WITH PERFORMANCE LEVELS, p. 12CHAPTER 7DOCUMENTATION OF TEST DATA AND TEST OBSERVATIONS, p. 17CHAPTER 8REFERENCES, p. 18Authored references, p.

30、 18CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionSeismic design practice worldwide is moving toward performance-based design of buildings. This approach aims at producing buildings capable of developing predict-able performance levels to achieve predefined performance objectives when subjected to ea

31、rthquake ground motions. The performance objectives are met by ensuring the struc-ture and its components achieve target performance levels associated with different states of damage for specified seismic hazards. Usually, the seismic hazard is expressed in terms of the intensity of ground motion fo

32、r a specified return period. Performance levels (capacity) that can be devel-oped by structural components and ground motion intensity (demand) for which the building is designed form the funda-mental framework of performance-based seismic design of buildings.The design of structural components for

33、target perfor-mance levels requires an assessment of strength, stiffness, and deformation characteristics typically into the nonlinear range of elements and subassemblies that make up the seismic-force-resisting system. Despite advances in compu-tational techniques and increased computing power, ava

34、il-able analytical approaches and computational models based on the principles of mechanics may not be sufficiently accu-rate for design. This is especially true for performance-based design of concrete buildings for which the knowledge of seismic performance of structures during loading, unloading,

35、 and reloading beyond post-cracking and post-yielding stages of deformations, including strength and stiffness degrada-tion under reversed cyclic loading, becomes vitally impor-tant. For this reason, tests of large-scale specimens repre-senting actual conditions in the field are needed to generate f

36、undamental knowledge on inelastic behavior of reinforced concrete structural components and subassemblies.Many experiments have been conducted by university research laboratories, government agencies, and private institutions. Laboratory testing continues to enhance knowl-edge on earthquake-resistan

37、t behavior and design of concrete structures. During testing, the selection of loading histories, measurement of data, and the presentation of test observa-tions and results are sometimes decided by the researchers without consistency. This reduces the effectiveness of the research effort. Though co

38、nsensus has been reached on certain aspects of seismic structural testing, and guidelines have been developed for specific applications, the lack of uniform guidelines continues to create challenges for experi-mentalists, occasionally necessitating additional tests. This guide responds to this need

39、and provides a testing protocol for reinforced concrete structural components to maximize the usefulness of information acquired from experimental research. This guide intends to complement those with specific focus, including ATC-24 for steel structures, Seible and Hose (2000) for bridges, SEAOSC (

40、1997) for framed wall buildings, ACI 374.1 for concrete frames, Richards and Uang (2006) for short links in steel frames, ASTM E2127 for shear resistance of walls, and FEMA 461 for structural and nonstructural elements.1.1.1 Experimental research in earthquake engineeringExperimental research in ear

41、thquake engineering has a broad scope, covering laboratory and field investigations. Experimental research can be broadly classified under three categories: 1) tests under slowly applied and incrementally increasing or decreasing loads (quasi-static loads); 2) pseudo-dynamic tests; and 3) dynamic te

42、sts. The test protocol in this guide is limited to tests of structural components under quasi-static loading. Slowly applied load indicates that the load is applied either in a load-controlled or deformation-controlled mode, following a predetermined loading regime slow enough so that the dynamic in

43、ertia effects and strain rate effects on materials do not develop. (For further discus-sion of strain rate effects in reinforced concrete, refer to Li and Li 2012, Mander et al. 1988, Pandey et al. 2006, and Paulay and Priestley 1992). Tests under slowly applied loads can be grouped into: 1) tests u

44、nder cyclic or reversed cyclic loading; and 2) tests under monotonically increasing load/deflection increments. The former category forms the primary scope of this document. The latter is included American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.org2 TESTING RC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS UNDER

45、SLOWLY APPLIED SIMULATED SEISMIC LOADS (ACI 374.2R-13)because some of the fundamental knowledge on generic material and element performance is obtained by performing tests under monotonically increasing loads.1.2ScopeThis guide provides a testing protocol for structural testing of reinforced concret

46、e elements and assemblies under slowly applied simulated seismic loading. Tests of nonstruc-tural elements are not included. An emphasis is placed on the characterization of force-deformation relationships of test specimens to quantify performance indicators for use in subsequent evaluation of seism

47、ic structural performance. These guidelines are primarily intended for new tests, but they may also be used for interpreting existing test data. This guide has a broad scope and may not cover all the details of experimental research programs. Users should exercise appropriate judgment during the cou

48、rse of research and make adjustments to the protocol contained herein. It is, however, encouraged to use as many of the guidelines outlined in this document as possible. This guide is not intended for the purposes of seismic qualification by testing agencies, though it can be used as a resource for

49、developing such qualification protocols.In the course of developing this document, consideration was given to creating a standardized format for reporting experimental data. However, it was recognized that varia-tions in reporting formats necessarily arise from differences in instrumentation, test equipment, and test objectives, and that a standardized reporting format would be impractical. Therefore, this guide focuses on defining the essential infor-mation that should be recorded.This guide does not anticipate the varying challenges that could ar