GRE19及答案解析.doc

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1、GRE19及答案解析(总分：27.04，做题时间：120 分钟)一、PART ONE （Time：30(总题数：7，分数：7.00)1.Most people choose a lawyer on the basis of such -|_|-considerations as his cost, his field of expertise, and the fees he charges.（分数：1.00）A.idiosyncraticB.humanisticC.irrelevantD.personalE.pragmatic2.In view of the fact that his en

2、emies knew him as cheerful, his allies exhorted him, as a matter of self-preservation, to -|_|-himself as taciturn.（分数：1.00）A.disguiseB.transformC.admitD.considerE.recognize3.It is odd that many philosophers argue in support of meritocracy that a persons worth to society is measured by their wealth,

3、 when instead peoples -|_|-should be measured by their -|_|-to society.（分数：1.00）A.affluence . contributionB.behavior . adjustmentC.reputation . considerationD.ardor . benevolenceE.character . value4.The Court had made clear that the Federal Government is one of -|_|-and enumerated powers, and thus n

4、one of them allow the government to -|_|-its citizens legal rights in their own jurisdictions.（分数：1.00）A.limited abrogateB.special containC.judicial questionD.essential challengeE.expansive rescind5.Scientists have acknowledged that to interpret an animals thought processes in a sound manner require

5、s a heavy dose of -|_|-. from our own mental patterns, which we access（分数：1.00）A.estimation . vicariouslyB.calculation . egotisticallyC.guesswork . methodicallyD.inference . introspectivelyE.skepticism . analogously6.His initial broadcasting success as a young man was due at least as much to his con

6、siderable professional -|_|-as it was to his fathers broadcasting connections.（分数：1.00）A.aplombB.uncertaintyC.hubrisD.seniorityE.nepotism7.As an ambitious writer, Hardy sought to -|_|-what he considered the authorial -|_|-of solely recording things exactly as they are; it was his goal, rather to exp

7、ress an awareness of the occult and the strange.（分数：1.00）A.maintain . strategyB.employ . practiceC.transcend . tediumD.overcome . barrierE.endorse . ruse二、SECTION 2(总题数：1，分数：1.00)Since her own era, Christina Rossettis devout Christianity has often been seen as a characteristic setting her apart from

8、 the other avowedly non-Christian members of the Pre-Raphaelite circle. In designating their movement a form of“aesthetic mysticism“, one established critic, Alice Law described the place Pre-Raphaelitism holds in the development of Victorian artistic culture as a movement away from a predominantly

9、religious and moralizing function toward a culture of aestheticismprecisely what Rossettis work has long been thought to reject. The Pre-Raphaelites attention to picturesque detail, the medievalist atmosphere and settings, the pervasive melancholy of their works, and their awareness of their arts pr

10、imarily Christian literary and pictorial originsall these have been traditionally downplayed in their similarity to the characteristics of Christina Rossettis poetry. This belief persists, despite the distinctly religious “atmosphere“ of much of the work produced by both generations of Pre-Raphaelit

11、es: its employment of biblical images and typology; of religious figural language; and, more especially and pervasively, of medievalist backgrounds and settings that were seen by their early audiences to have clearly devotional, if not dangerously “Romanist“, associations. When discussing Pre-Raphae

12、litism as an historical movement, we must remember that the first brotherhood was inspired largely by a sacramental aesthetic that tended to alienate Victorian society, which generally abhorred the notion of sacrifice. It is true that Rossettis traditional solution to the Romantic and Victorian lite

13、rary problem of alienation from nature and the more characteristically Victorian problem of despair at lifes meaninglessness, was fundamentally Christian. But with few exceptions, Rossetti relied on the colloquial and angst-ridden language of both generations of Pre-Raphaelites. Even Swinburne, the

14、Pre-Raphaelite whose anti-orthodoxy and iconoclasm seem to conflict most profoundly with Rossettis values, enthusiastically hailed her. That most Victorians themselves perceived Christina Rossetti as unequivocally Pre-Raphaelite in her poetic affinities is clear, for throughout her poetry and much o

15、f her prose Christina Rossetti demonstrated true and deep affinities with Pre-Raphaelite aesthetic values, in both innovative and traditional ways. We must not forget her “pictorial“ modes of representation, the medieval atmosphere and settings that appear repeatedly in her poems, her appreciation o

16、f the worlds physical beauty and its expression in lush images, the intensity of her poems, which seems inseparable from their “sincerity“, and not least her preoccupation with love. To a greater extent than figures more peripheral to the Pre-Raphaelite circle, Christina Rossetti produced works that

17、 appear to be dominated by the same aesthetic consciousness and literary values that make Pre-Raphaelitism the central movement which unintentionally spawned the aestheticism of the 1880s and 1890s. Pre-Raphaelitism, in fact, influenced aesthetic thought in a way that made the movement central to th

18、e transition from the sentimental moral idealism of the Victorian mainstream to the variously nihilistic, skeptical, and ironic value systems that dominate modern poetry. （分数：1.04）(1).Which of the following might serve as the most appropriate title for the passage?（分数：0.08）A.Rosetti and the Pre-Raph

19、aelites: A HagiographyB.The Pre-Raphaelites: Divergent Styles Within a MovementC.Rossetti and Her Influence: The Development of Victorian PoetryD.The Aesthetics of Religious Poetry: Rossettis ContributionE.Rossettis Estrangement from the Pre-Raphealites: An Exaggerated Notion(2).According to the pas

20、sage, Rossettis verse and that of other Pre-Raphaelites shares which of the following stylistic characteristics?（分数：0.08）A.A melancholy atmosphereB.The use of religious figural languageC.A rejection of the notion of sacrificeD.A preference for a Christian solution to aesthetic problemsE.An anti-orth

21、odox iconoclastic approach(3).Thepassage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?（分数：0.08）A.How has Rossettis verse influenced more recent generations of poets?B.How did Rossetti seem to feel about the use of biblical images as a stylistic trait of Pre-Raphealite verse?C.

22、What was the general response of Victoria to the aesthetic transition that Pre-Raphealite poetry effected?D.What was the basis for the Victorian problem of alienation and meaninglessness?E.Which Pre-Raphaelite held views most diametrically opposed to Rossettis?(4).The author of the passage offers al

23、l of the following as characteristics of Pre-Raphaelite art whose significance was ignored in order to isolate Rossettis work as anomalous, EXCEPT -|_|-.（分数：0.08）A.their sober toneB.their usage of the painterly idiomC.their cognizance of a religious influenceD.their minimalist sensibilityE.their med

24、ievalist atmosphere(5).Which of the following, if true, might be an example of the “exceptions“ cited in the second paragraph of the passage?（分数：0.08）A.Despite the generally grave tone of her verse, Rossetti often used formal and cheerful language in her poetry.B.Rossetti, unlike her contemporaries,

25、 relied upon long cadences to express her mood as a poet.C.Rossetti often preferred rhyme schemes more complicated than those used by her peers.D.Rossettis work demonstrated a more broad-minded intelligence than that of many Pre-Raphaelites.E.Rossetti, in spite of her romantic aesthetic, made many m

26、ore attempts at developing style less laden with sentimentality than that of other Pre- Raphaelites.(6).Rossettis “appreciation of the worlds physical beauty and its expression in lush images“ is most probably alluded to by the author as an example of which of the following?（分数：0.08）A.A sensibility

27、that unites Rossetti to the rest of the Pre-Raphealites.B.A sensibility that distinguish Rossetti as a more accomplished poet than her fellow Pre-Raphealites.C.A suggestion of the reasons behind her choice to rely upon Christian imagery.D.An aesthetic that was rather typical at the time for Victoria

28、n poets.E.An aesthetic that suggests Rossetti may have had influences on poets peripheral to the Pre-Raphealite circle.(7).It can be inferred from the examples given in the passage that medievalist backgrounds were problematic for Victorians for which of the following reasons?（分数：0.08）A.They symboli

29、zed a reliance on irony that was typical not only of PreRaphaelite work but many other controversial movements.B.They concealed an uncomfortable infatuation with the notion of sacrifice.C.They avoided the sentimentality that was most revered and palatable at the time.D.They presented a challenge to

30、the average Victorians reluctance to modernize and become nihilistic.E.Rossetti relied on the colloquial and angst-ridden language of both generations of Pre-Raphaelites.(8).Which of the following, if true, would most likely weaken the significance of Mignot and Aldrichs research?（分数：0.08）A.The numb

31、ers of neurotransmitters and receptor levels differs widely between dog brains and human brains.B.Alterations in neurotransmitter and receptor levels might be the result of sleep disturbances, not the cause of it.C.A particular site in the brains frontal lobe is isolated where the bulk of the neurol

32、ogical damage occurs.D.Too few acetylcholine, dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitters exist in dog brains to establish their role in narcolepsy.E.An autoimmune dysfunction is conclusively proven to be the cause in a large but incomplete majority of narcolepsy cases.(9).According to the passage

33、, scientists have positively confirmed that the brains of narcoleptics differ from those of normal brains in which of the following ways?（分数：0.08）A.Narcoleptic brains tend to remove degenerative tissue at a more prolific rate than that of nonnarcoleptics.B.Narcoleptics are less responsive to drugs w

34、hich treat neural autoimmune dysfunction than are nonnarcoleptics.C.Nonnarcoleptics do not possess the same neurological immune antigens as narcoleptics.D.Neurons that control muscle tone are damaged in the brains of narcoleptics, but not in those of non-narcoleptics.E.Narcoleptics experience greate

35、r neural degeneration as a result of aging than do nonnarcoleptics.(10).The passage supplies information to answer which of the following questions?（分数：0.08）A.Which species, human or dog, has greater numbers of the neurotransmitters that have been hypothetically linked to narcolepsy?B.At what age do

36、 human beings first experience the degenerative effects of narcolepsy?C.What role do human leukocyte antigens perform for the human immune system?D.Why did Honda initially suspect that HLAs played a role in narcolepsy?E.Which of the researchers named in the passage isolated narcolepsy as a distinct

37、syndrome?(11).It may be inferred from the passage that by studying the brains of narcoleptic dogs, the author learned that -|_|-.（分数：0.08）A.neural degeneration may occur too early for scientists to be able draw many useful conclusions about itB.a loss of neurons would be undetectable unless the dead

38、cellswere concentrated in a particular area of the brainC.pathologists not only were researching the wrong stage of the disease process, but ignoring its unique effects on different speciesD.the brain tends through its natural processing to remove the effects of neural degenerationE.the theories of

39、Aldrich and Mignot were largely correct, at least as far as dogs are concerned(12).The development of a thoroughly effective treatment for narcolepsy is regarded by the author as -|_|-.（分数：0.08）A.possible, but not very importantB.interesting, but too costly to be practicalC.promising, but many years

40、 offD.extremely unlikelyE.highly probable(13).The passage implies that research into the cause of human narcolepsy has been complicated by what aspect of the human brain?（分数：0.08）A.The tendency of certain neurons to resemble foreign matter that HLAs rejectB.A lack of apparent neurological damage cau

41、sed by a tendency to remove debris through support cellsC.Its susceptibility to diseases like Parkinsons and AlzheimersD.Its tendency to reject the drugs which scientists have developed to treat narcolepsys symptomsE.The effects of aging on the symptoms of the diseaseAre responses to odors acquired

42、as a function of the emotional context in which they are initially perceived? Researchers recently conducted a study in which a novel odor was paired with either a positive or negative emotional experience. Ratings associated with the test odor varied in accordance with the paired emotion, such that

43、 the odor was perceived as either congenial or noisome, depending upon the quality of paired experience the participant had. Olfactory sensory attributes may produce an unlearned impact when odors are irritating; in these cases discomfort is experienced simultaneously to odor sensation, an event occ

44、urring when stimulation of the trigeminal nerve occurs coterminous with olfactory sensation. Many odors elicit trigeminal stimulation to varying degrees, so that the subjective distinction between pure odor and trigeminal irritation is not possible to make, though scientists have precipitously ventu

45、red to suggest methods. While these cases may help explain why one may be immediately repelled by a certain scent, they unfortunately do not allow most scientists to establish which smells trigger innate reactions. （分数：-1.00）(1).According to the passage, which of the following can be inferred about

46、the role of the trigeminal nerve in the experience of odors?（分数：-0.25）A.The trigeminal nerve plays a much more significant role in the experience of an irritating odor than does actual olfactory sensation itself.B.The trigeminal nerve produces a negative experience of an irritating odor independentl

47、y of the emotional context in which the odor was initially perceived.C.The trigeminal nerve tends to cause an experience of discomfort in the cases of odors that are initially paired with negative emotional experiences.D.The functioning of the trigeminal nerve tends to be largely conditioned accordi

48、ng to the pairing process simulated in the experiment.E.The trigeminal nerve generally does not play a role in the experiencing of odors that create innate reactions.(2).The primary purpose of the passage is to_.（分数：-0.25）A.point out that theories about the functioning of olfactory sensation have fa

49、iled to change despite experimental inquiryB.suggest means by which the impact of odors that irritate human subjects may eventually be lessenedC.describe the attempt of scientists to understand the degree to which odor perception is learned or innateD.demonstrate that efforts to understand the psychobiological basis for hum