ASTM E943-2008(2014) 1719 Standard Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Environmental Fate《生物效应和环境灾害相关标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: E943 08 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Terminology Relating toBiological Effects and Environmental Fate1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E943; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l

2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology document defines terms commonlyused in standards developed by ASTM Committee E47 onBiological Effects

3、and Environmental Fate. This terminologydocument is intended to be consistent with the use of terms inASTM standards related to this field and, to the extent possible,with use by other organizations.1.1.1 If a specific Committee E47 standard uses one of theseterms in a different context, then the te

4、rm must be defined inthat standard. A term used only in a specific ASTM standardneed not be included in this terminology document.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions:acute testa comparative study in which organisms, that aresubjected to different treatments, are observed for a shortperiod usually not cons

5、tituting a substantial portion of theirlife span.DISCUSSIONThere is no specific test duration that represents adistinct boundary between acute and chronic test durations for anyspecies. Although acute or chronic test procedures may specify stan-dard duration(s), these durations have not been intende

6、d to define anacute:chronic boundary.Acute tests often utilize mortality as the only measure of effect;chronic tests usually include additional measures of effect such asgrowth or reproduction.attractiona response towards or to facilitate contact with amaterial or condition.avoidancea response away

7、from or to limit contact with amaterial or condition.BAF (bioaccumulation factor), nthe quotient obtained bydividing the concentration of a substance in an organism (orspecified tissue) by its concentration in a specified exposuremedium, for example, air, food, sediment, soil, water, whenseveral med

8、ia are possible sources (see bioaccumalation).behavior, nobservable, recordable, or measurable actions oractivity of an organism.DISCUSSIONThis definition conveys the idea of motion whethermotility is involved or not, and excludes physiological responses,death, and so forth, from the concept. It avo

9、ids the issue of internalversus external stimuli.bioaccumulationthe net accumulation of a substance by anorganism as a result of uptake from all environmentalsources.bioassayan experiment that uses living whole organisms,tissues or cells to measure the presence, the concentration, orthe relative pot

10、ency of one or more chemicals.DISCUSSIONA bioassay must include the appropriate controls(s).There is no intended stipulation of endpoint for such a test; the responsemay be positive of negative. This term defines a subset of the protocols(methods) referred by the term “biological assay” (Finney, 194

11、7)bioconcentrationthe net accumulation of a substance by anaquatic organism as a result of uptake directly from aqueoussolution.biomagnificationthe increase in tissue concentration ofpoorly depurated materials in organisms along a series ofpredator-prey associations, primarily through the mechanismo

12、f dietary accumulation.biomarker, na biological measure (within organisms) ofexposure to, effects of, or susceptibility to, environmentalstress using molecular, genetic, biochemical, histological, orphysiological techniques.biomarker assayan experiment that uses a molecular,genetic, biochemical, his

13、tological, anatomical, or physi-ological technique to assess exposure, response, or suscep-tibility of an organisms tissue or cells to environmentalstress.chronic testa comparative study in which organisms that aresubjected to different treatments are observed for a longperiod or a substantial porti

14、on of their life span.DISCUSSIONThere is no specific test duration that represents adistinct boundary between acute and chronic test durations for anyspecies. Although acute or chronic test procedures may specify stan-dard duration(s), these durations have not been intended to define anacute:chronic

15、 boundary.Acute tests often utilize mortality as the only measure of effect;chronic tests usually include additional measures of effect such asgrowth or reproduction.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 onEnvironmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action an

16、d is thedirect responsibility of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environ-mental Fate.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E943 08. DOI:10.1520/E0943-08R14.Copyright ASTM International, 100

17、Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1control sedimenta sediment that is essentially free ofcontaminants and is used routinely to assess the acceptabilityof a test.depurationloss of a substance from an organism as a resultof any active or passive process.die

18、tary accumulationthe net accumulation of a substanceby an organism as a result of ingestion in the diet.EC50a statistically or graphically estimated concentrationthat is expected to cause one or more specified effects in50 % of a group of organisms under specified conditions.ED50a statistically or g

19、raphically estimated dose that isexpected to cause one or more specified effects in 50 % of agroup of organisms under specified conditions.exposurecontact with a chemical or physical agent.fate, environmentalthe form and location of a materialresulting from transport and transformation.hazardthe adv

20、erse effect(s) that may result from expo-sure(s).hydric soilsoil that is formed under conditions of saturation,flooding, or ponding long enough to develop anaerobicconditions in the upper part, thereby influencing the growth,survival, and reproduction of plants, microorganisms, andinvertebrates.IC50

21、a statistically or graphically estimated concentration oftest material that, under specified conditions, is expected tocause a 50 % inhibition of a biological process (such asgrowth or reproduction) for which the data are not dichoto-mous.indigneous speciesa species that is likely, due to historical

22、presence, to occur at a specified site for some portion of itslife span.DISCUSSIONThis definition is intended to remove the requirementthat the species occur presently at a site. This definition excludesspecies that have been introduced either intentionally or unintentionallyby man whether recently

23、or in the remote past. The terms “indigenous”and “native” are synonymous in this context.interstitial waterwater occupying space between sedimentor soil particles (syn. pore water).key speciesa species of special concern for ecologicalreasons.LC50a statistically or graphically estimated concentratio

24、nthat is expected to be lethal to 50 % of a group of organismsunder specified conditions.LD50a statistically or graphically estimated dose that isexpected to be lethal to 50 % of a group of organisms underspecified conditions.life-cycle testa comparative study in which organisms, thatare subjected t

25、o different treatments, are observed at leastfrom a life stage in one generation to the same life stage inthe next generation.lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC)in a toxicitytest, the tested concentration of one or more chemicalsimmediately above the highest tested concentration that didnot

26、result in a statistically significant change in the particulartoxicological variable compared to that value in the control(s).DISCUSSIONWithin a concentration-effect curve at concentrationsnear the NOEC and LOEC, the following situation can occur: oneconcentration might induce an effect that is sign

27、ificantly greater thanthe control or background, while the next higher concentration inducesan effect that is not significantly greater than control or background,and all the higher concentrations induce effects that are significantlygreater than control or background. In this region of uncertainty,

28、 theconcentration inducing a significant effect may be inverted one or moretimes. In order to avoid a situation where the LOEC is less than theNOEC, the NOEC is defined as the concentration immediately belowthe region of uncertainty, and the LOEC is defined as the concentrationimmediately above this

29、 region. If the region of uncertainty is large, theinvestigator may not choose to define a NOEC or LOEC.no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) in a toxicitytest, the tested concentration of one or more chemicalsimmediately below the lowest tested concentration thatresulted in a statistically signif

30、icant change in a particulartoxicological variable compared to that value in the control(s).DISCUSSIONWithin a concentration-effect curve at concentrationsnear the NOEC and LOEC, the following situation can occur: oneconcentration might induce an effect that is significantly greater thanthe control

31、or background, while the next higher concentration inducesan effect that is not significantly greater than control or background,and all the higher concentrations induce effects that are significantlygreater than control or background. In this region of uncertainty, theconcentration inducing a signi

32、ficant effect may be inverted one or moretimes. In order to avoid a situation where the LOEC is less than theNOEC, the NOEC is defined as the concentration immediately belowthe region of uncertainty, and the LOEC is defined as the concentrationimmediately above this region. If the region of uncertai

33、nty is large, theinvestigator may not choose to define a NOEC or LOEC.pore waterwater occupying space between sediment or soilparticles (syn. interstitial water).reference sedimenta whole sediment near an area of con-cern used to assess sediment conditions exclusive of mate-rial(s) of interest.repli

34、cate, neach of several experimental units that are testedsimultaneously using the same experimental conditions.DISCUSSIONReplicates are independent executions of treatmentsupon experimental units, or multiple samples collected from a location.The observations from these multiple units provide the da

35、ta from whichstatistics are computed. The purpose of replicates is to determine thevariability of the effect of a given treatment within an experiment or todetermine the variability among independent samples from a givenlocation. In both field and laboratory experiments, study design andequipment mu

36、st prevent of minimize exchange of test media betweenreplicates. Repeat of whole experiments at different times are notconsidered replicates because time is a variable in the case of repeats.resident speciesa species that is regularly present at aspecified site for some portion of its life span.DISC

37、USSIONThis definition is intended to be inclusive of specieswith small home ranges, species that have foraging ranges distinct fromsleeping/reproducing areas, and migratory species. The definition isdevoid of any reference to the type of activity within a specified siteE943 08 (2014)2(feeding, sleep

38、ing, reproducing, and so forth), but relates only tonormal presence. The concept is inclusive of stocked populations.When stocked populations are considered, it is appropriate to state thisexplicitly.riskthe probability or likelihood an adverse effect will occur.sediment(1) particulate material that

39、 usually lies belowwater, and (2) formulated particulate material that is in-tended to lie below water in a test.soil, nweathered, unconsolidated mineral or unconsolidatedorganic materials overlying parent geological substratescharacteristic of terrestrial or wetland habitats.DISCUSSIONThe materials

40、 have been subjected to and show theeffects of morphogenic, environmental (for example, water or tempera-ture effects), or other factors, (for example, alteration by macro- ormicroorganisms or humans).spiked sedimenta sediment to which a material has beenadded for experimental purposes.surrogate spe

41、ciesa species that is tested to estimate re-sponses of other species, for which direct testing is imprac-tical.toxicant, na chemical or combination of chemicals thatadversely affects organisms, tissues, or cells at or exceedingspecific exposure concentrations.toxicitythe property of a chemical, or c

42、ombination ofchemicals, to adversely affect organisms, tissues, or cells.toxicity testan experiment used to study the adverse effect(s) of one or more chemicals on whole organisms, tissues, orcells.DISCUSSIONA toxicity test must include the appropriate control (s).The only intended stipulation of en

43、dpoint for such a test is that theeffect must be adverse. This term, defines a subset of the protocols(methods) referred to by the term biological assay. (Finney, 1947).toxin, na naturally occurring toxicant produced during thegrowth and metabolism of some microorganisms, plants andanimals.uptakeacq

44、uisition of a substance from the environment byan organism as a result of any active or passive process.whole sedimentsediment and associated pore water thathave had minimal manipulation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed ever

45、y five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible techni

46、cal committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocke

47、n, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 08 (2014)3