ASTM E514-2008 838 Standard Test Method for Water Penetration and Leakage Through Masonry.pdf

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1、Designation: E 514 08Standard Test Method forWater Penetration and Leakage Through Masonry1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 514; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb

2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This laboratory test method2provides a procedure fordeter

3、mining the resistance to water penetration and leakagethrough unit masonry subjected to wind-driven rain.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values in parentheses are mathematical conver-sions to inch-pound units that are provided for informationonly and are not cons

4、idered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use

5、. For a specifichazard statement, see Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 270 Specification for Mortar for Unit MasonryC 1232 Terminology of Masonry2.2 American Concrete Institute Standard:4ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402 Building Code Requirementsfor Masonry StructuresACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS

6、 602 Specifications for MasonryStructures3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer toTerminology C 1232.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method provides information that aids inevaluating the effect of four principal variables: materials,coatings, wall design, an

7、d workmanship.4.2 Water penetration and leakage through masonry issignificantly affected by air pressure in the test chamber. Datafrom tests made at different pressures are not comparable.4.3 The performance of a masonry wall is a function ofmaterials, construction, wall design, and maintenance. Ins

8、ervice the performance will also depend on the rigidity ofsupporting structure and on the resistance of components todeterioration by various causes, such as corrosion, vibration,thermal expansion and contraction, curing, and others. It isimpossible to simulate the complex conditions encountered ins

9、ervice, such as variations in wind velocity, negative pressure,and lateral or upward moving air and water. Factors such aslocation, exposure, and wall openings should be considered.4.4 Given the complexity of variables noted above, this testmethod establishes comparative behavior between variousmaso

10、nry wall constructions in a given laboratory.4.5 Even when a single laboratory tests the same walldesign utilizing the same wall materials and the same construc-tion practices, variables such as the level of skill of the masonbuilding the specimen, the temperature and humidity in thelaboratory at th

11、e time of construction, curing of the specimen,the moisture contents of the materials used to build thespecimen, and even the use or lack of use of a lime and waterwash on the back of the specimen can affect the results of thetest making reliable comparisons dubious. For these reasonsand the multi-v

12、ariables listed in 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3, a meaningful,useful, absolute wall leakage rating standard is impractical anddiscouraged.5. Apparatus5.1 Test ChamberUse a test chamber similar to thatshown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Provide an opening with aminimum area of 1.08 m2(12 ft2). For example, 900 mm(36 in

13、.) wide and 1200 mm (48 in.) high is suitable. Line theedges of the chamber in contact with the specimen with aclosed-cell compressible gasket material or appropriate sealant.Provide an observation port in the face of the chamber. Provide1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee

14、C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.04 on Research.Current edition approved June 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approvedin 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E 514 06.2This test method is based upon those used by the National Bu

15、reau of Standardsand described in NBS Report BMS7, “Water Permeability of Masonry Walls,” 1933,and NBS Report BMS82, “Water Permeability of Walls Built of Masonry Units,”1942.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For

16、 Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Published by The Masonry Society, www.masonrysociety.org; American Con-crete Institute, www.aci-int.org; and American Society of Civil Engineers,www.asce.org.1*A Summary of Changes sect

17、ion appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.FIG. 1 Isometric Projection of Testing ChamberFIG. 2 General Arrangement of Water Penetration Testing Chamber SystemE514082a 19.0-mm (34-in.) diam

18、eter corrosion-resistant spray pipe witha single line of 1.0-mm (0.04-in.) diameter holes spaced 25.0mm (1 in.) apart.5.2 Fixtures and Appurtenances to ChamberFixtures andappurtenances to the chamber shall include an air line withmanometer, a water line with valves, a flow meter andmanometer and a w

19、ater drain pipe at the bottom of thechamber. Position the water spray pipe so that the waterimpinges the specimen not more than 75.0 mm (3.00 in.) belowthe top of the test chamber.NOTE 1A drain pipe that discharges into a reservoir equipped with anadjustable depth air outlet pipe and top baffles has

20、 been found to reducesurge.5.3 ManometerMeasure the air pressure in the chamberusing a manometer or other device capable of measuring airpressures of at least 51 mm (2.0 in.) of water (71.7 kPa)(10.4 psf) to an accuracy of 2.5 mm (0.1 in.) or 3.6 kPa (0.52psf). Connect the manometer or other device

21、to the chamberaway from the air inlet so that the air flow will not significantlyinfluence the pressure reading.5.4 Other equipment includes devices for handling thespecimen and measuring time, water quantities, temperature,and humidity.6. Hazards6.1 The use of this test method will require careful

22、designconsideration of both air chamber and support of the wallsystem to avoid possible injury due to equipment or specimenfailure.7. Temperature and Humidity Conditions7.1 Maintain the air in the laboratory at a temperature of 246 8C (75 6 15F) and a relative humidity of 55 6 25 %.8. Test Specimens

23、8.1 Masonry MaterialsMasonry and associated materialsshall be representative of the construction or the materials thatare being considered. Precondition all materials by storing inlaboratory environment for not less than 5 days before use.8.2 Size of Test WallsThe height and length of thespecimen sh

24、all provide a minimum of 1.08 m2(12 ft2) exposedto the test, plus at least a 200-mm (8-in.) overlap on all edges.The minimum height or length of the specimen shall be 1.22 m(4 ft). The length of the specimen shall be such that at least onehead joint in each course of masonry is exposed to the test.8

25、.3 Building Wall SpecimensConstruct the specimen us-ing methods and workmanship being considered for the work(Note 2). Build the wall specimen on an inverted steel channelsection as shown in Fig. 2 (Note 3). Also, as shown in Fig. 2,build a lower flashing and upper water trough as described in8.3.1

26、and 8.3.2.NOTE 2Standards for masonry construction are contained in thefollowing documents: ACI Standard 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402 BuildingCode Requirements for Masonry Structures and ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS602 Specifications for Masonry Structures.NOTE 3The top of the wall may require bracing to be stable.8.

27、3.1 Install a lower flashing into a mortar joint that is atleast one course below the upper water trough. Pass the lowerflashing completely through the wall, upturn it on the chamberside, and seal with a bead of caulk. Project this lower flashingout from the backside of the wall with a u or v profil

28、e designedto funnel water that passes through the bottom of the wall intoa collection device.8.3.2 Install an upper water trough in the bed joint imme-diately below the bottom of the test chamber. Project the upperwater trough no more than 25 mm (1.0 in.), or no more than thethickness of a face shel

29、l, into a mortar joint on the backside ofthe wall. Project this upper water trough out from the backsideof the wall with a u or v profile designed to funnel water thatpenetrates through the wall above the trough into a separatecollection device.8.4 Number of SpecimensTest at least 3 specimens.8.5 St

30、orage of SpecimensRetain specimens in the labora-tory during storage enclosed in an impervious plastic wrapimmediately after construction and cured in this manner for 7days. After 7 days, remove the wrap and continue curing for atleast 7 more days in laboratory air.9. Procedure9.1 Apply a 10-mm (38-

31、in.) minimum thick coat of mortarparging to all exposed surfaces of the specimen except the backside of the wall and the area enclosed by the test chamber.9.1.1 For walls constructed with solid units and for wallsconstructed with hollow units which are filled solid with groutor other materials, appl

32、y a minimum 10 mm (38 in.) thick coatof mortar parging to the top surface of the specimen. For wallswith open cells or cavities, seal an impervious material such asa transparent plastic sheet capable of withstanding the testpressure to the top of the wall to prevent evaporation or airmovement throug

33、h the top of the wall. If the top covering isremoved to permit viewing or photographing inside these voidspaces, do not remove for longer than 10 min per hour oftesting.NOTE 4Historically, 10 mm (38 in.) thick mortar parging has beenused as an air and moisture barrier on all exposed surfaces except

34、thebackside of the wall and the area enclosed by the test chamber.Alternativecoating materials may be used if they provide resistance to movement ofair and moisture that is the same as or greater than the mortar parging.Research has found that typical parge coats of Specification C 270proportioned m

35、ortars have air permeances in the approximate range of 7.53 10-4to 7.5 3 10-3l/(sm2) (1.5 3 10-4to 1.5 3 10-3ft3/min/ft2) andwater vapor permeances of approximately 1400 to 3100 ng/(sm2Pa) (25to 55 perm). Using a coating as a substitute material may not beappropriate for highly irregular surfaces su

36、ch as split face architecturalconcrete masonry units because of difficulty of obtaining a seal with thetest chamber. In those cases, a 10 mm (38 in.) thick parge coat of mortarprovides a smooth surface to facilitate establishment of a seal.NOTE 5A lime and water wash may be brush applied to back fac

37、e ofthe wall to make moisture detection easier on dark surfaces. A portlandcement and water wash should not be used.9.2 Mounting ChamberPosition the test chamber on thespecimen and clamp firmly in place, compressing the gasket orapplying a sealant to form a seal.NOTE 6Too much clamping force could c

38、rack the specimen.9.3 Adjust the rate of water application to 138 L/m2(3.4gal/ft2) of wall per hour.E5140839.4 Simultaneously with the application of water, increasethe air pressure within the chamber. If the pressure is notspecified, apply a pressure of 500 Pa (10 lbf/ft2). Supplyslightly more air

39、than is needed to maintain pressure andadjust, if necessary, to prevent excessive surge in the waterreservoir.9.5 Maintain the specified conditions for a period of not lessthan 4 h.NOTE 7 Care should be taken in specifying the test duration. The testshould be long enough to permit evaluation of the

40、materials, coatings,design, and workmanship.10. Record of Observation10.1 During the4hoftesting, make observations at 30-minintervals. If testing is extended beyond 4 h, establish observa-tion intervals beyond4hasrequired to document specimenperformance. Record the following:10.1.1 Time of appearanc

41、e of dampness on back of speci-men.10.1.2 Time of appearance of first visible water on the backof the specimen.10.1.3 Area of dampness on back of wall expressed as apercent of the chamber area.10.1.4 Total water collected from the upper water trough.10.1.5 Total water collected from the lower flashi

42、ng.11. Retesting11.1 If required, return the specimens to storage and retest atage 28 days or later and re-evaluate.12. Report12.1 Report the following information:12.1.1 Description of all materials including coatings, ma-sonry units, mortar materials, and composition of mortar usedto construct the

43、 wall specimens, and their properties asdetermined by the appropriate standards.12.1.2 Description of specimen wall design and details ofconstruction. Include photographs and drawings as necessary.12.1.3 If an alternative air and moisture barrier material isused as a substitute for the mortar pargin

44、g at the sides and frontof the test specimen, provide the type, manufacturer, and brandname of the substitution material.12.1.4 Detailed description of the quality of workmanshipused in construction of test specimens.12.1.5 Conditions of test.12.1.6 Record of observations as required in Section 9.12

45、.1.7 Record of temperature and humidity in the laboratoryduring construction, curing, and test periods.12.1.8 Age of test specimen at the time of test, and re-test,if applicable.13. Precision and Bias13.1 No statement is made either on the precision or on thebias of this test method for testing wate

46、r penetration or leakagethrough masonry due to the test variables involved.14. Keywords14.1 air-pressure; laboratory test; manometer; masonry;simulated wind driven rain; test chamber; water penetration;water spray pipeSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C15 has identified the location of selected changes to

47、 this standard since the last issue (E 514 06)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved June 1, 2008.)(1) Note 4 and subsection 12.1.3 were added to allow alterna-tive air and moisture barriers in lieu of mortar parging. Allsubsequent notes and subsections were renumbered in sequen-tial or

48、der.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights,

49、 are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shou