ASTM E2201-2002a Standard Terminology for Coal Combustion Products 《煤燃烧产品的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: E 2201 02aStandard Terminology forCoal Combustion Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2201; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses

2、indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard defines terms used in the production,management and use of coal combustion products (CCPs). It isintended to promote understanding by providin

3、g precise tech-nical definitions of terms used.1.2 Terms used only within an individual coal combustionproduct (CCP) standard, and having a meaning unique to thatstandard, may be defined or explained in the terminologysection of that individual standard.2. Terminologyacid mine drainage (AMD), nwater

4、 exhibiting a pH of lessthan 6.0 and in which total acidity exceeds total alkalinity,discharged from an active, inactive or abandoned coal mineand reclamation operation or from an area affected bysurface coal mining and reclamation operations.acid mine water, nsee AMD.admixture, na material other th

5、an water, aggregates, hy-draulic cement, and fiber reinforcement, used as an ingredi-ent of concrete or mortar, and added to the concrete batchimmediately before or during its mixing.advanced sulfur control products (ASC), nproducts gen-erated from advanced coal conversion technologies includ-ing FB

6、C (fluidized-bed combustion) and products fromadvanced environmental emission cleanup technologies suchas duct injection and lime injection multiphase burners(LIMB). The type of by-product is technology-dependentand could be a bed ash and high-lime fly ash for an FBCtechnology, etc.aeration, nexposi

7、ng a substance or area to air circulation;the process of mixing air with a pulverized fuel or apowdered material such as fly ash in a transport pipe orstorage bin.aggregate, ngranular material such as sand, gravel, crushedstone, crushed hydraulic-cement concrete, iron blast furnaceslag, or coal bott

8、om ash and boiler slag used as a componentin concrete or mortar with a hydraulic cementing medium toproduce either concrete or mortar.aggregate, lightweight (LWA), naggregate of low density.Examples of LWA include coal bottom ash, pumice, scoria,volcanic cinders, tuff, and diatomite; expanded or sin

9、teredclay, shale, slate, diatomaceous shale, perlite, vermiculite, orslag; and bonded or sintered coal combustion products(CCPs) used to produce lightweight concrete or componentproducts.alkali, nsalts of alkali metals, principally sodium andpotassium; a hydroxide or carbonate of an alkali metal.alk

10、ali metal, na metal in Group 1A of the Periodic Table,that is, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, andfrancium.alkalinity, nthe capacity of water to neutralize acids, aproperty imparted by the waters content of carbonates,bicarbonates, and hydroxides and occasionally borates, sili-cates, a

11、nd phosphates. It is often expressed in milligrams perliter of calcium carbonate (see calcium carbonate equiva-lent).ammoniated ash, nash that contains ammonia and/or am-monium salts as a result of the addition of ammonia orammonium salts to the flue gas at the power plant.angle of repose, nthe maxi

12、mum angle from horizontal atwhich a given material will rest on a particular stationarysurface without sliding or rolling.aquifer , na geologic formation, group of formations, or partof a formation that is saturated with water and capable ofproviding a significant quantity of water.ash pond, nan imp

13、oundment or surface impoundment usedto store or dispose of ash primarily from the combustion ofcoal. See surface impoundment.baghouse, na facility that removes fly ash from the flue gasby the use of fabric filter bags.batch, nquantity of concrete, mortar, ash grout, or flowablefill mixed at one time

14、.beneficial use of a CCP, nthe use of or substitution of thecoal combustion product (CCP) for another product based onperformance criteria. For purposes of this definition, benefi-cial use includes but is not restricted to raw feed for cementclinker, concrete, grout, flowable fill, controlled low st

15、rengthmaterial; structural fill; road base/sub-base; soil- modifica-tion; mineral filler; snow and ice traction control; blasting1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 onEnvironmental Assessment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E50.03on Environmental Risk M

16、anagement/Sustainable Development/Pollution Preven-tion.Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2002. Published December 2002. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 220102.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,

17、 United States.grit and abrasives; roofing granules; mining applications;wallboard; waste stabilization/solidification; soil amendmentand agriculture.beneficiation, nimprovement of the chemical or physicalproperties of a raw material or intermediate product by theremoval or modification of undesirab

18、le components orimpurities.boiler slag, na molten ash collected at the base of slag tapand cyclone boilers that is quenched with water and shattersinto black, angular particles having a smooth, glassy appear-ance.borrow, nan area designated as a source for soil in construc-tion or mine reclamation p

19、rojects; a source or sources ofmaterial other than the required excavation.bottom ash, nagglomerated ash particles formed in pulver-ized coal boilers that are too large to be carried in the fluegases and impinge on the boiler walls or fall through opengrates to an ash hopper at the bottom of the boi

20、ler. Bottomash is typically grey to black in color, is quite angular, andhas a porous surface structure.bulk density, nthe mass of a material per unit volumeincluding voids. Bulk density is usually reported on a drybasis.calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE), nthe content ofcarbonate in a liming materi

21、al or calcareous soil calculatedas if all the carbonate is in the form of CaCO3.calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO42H2O), ngypsum; theprimary product of a forced-oxidation wet flue gas desulfu-rization system in which additional air is introduced and limeor limestone is used as the reagent.calcium sulf

22、ite (CaSO3), nthe primary product of a wet fluegas desulfurization system where there is no forced oxida-tion and lime or limestone is used as the reagent.cap, na layer of clay or other low permeability materialinstalled over the top of a closed landfill to prevent entry ofrainwater and minimize lea

23、chate.carbon reduction process, na process to reduce the con-centration of carbon in high-carbon fly ash.cell, na portion of a landfill that is isolated, usually by meansof soil or an impermeable barrier, from its surroundings.cementitious ash, nfly ash, which hardens irreversibly whenmixed with wat

24、er. Also referred to as self-cementing ash.cementitious material (hydraulic), nan inorganic materialor a mixture of inorganic materials that sets and developsstrength by chemical reaction with water by formation ofhydrates and is capable of doing so under water.cementitious mixture, na combination o

25、f more than anyone of the following materials to make a cement paste:hydraulic cement; Portland cement; coal fly ash; FBC ash;lime; ground granulated blast furnace slag; lime kiln dust;cement kiln dust. It may be used by itself for grout, or usedto bind aggregates or fine materials to make concrete

26、orcontrolled low strength materials (CLSM), or used for soilstabilization and solidification.class C fly ash, nfly ash, which meets criteria defined inASTM C 618 for use in concrete.class F fly ash, nfly ash, which meets criteria defined inASTM C 618 for use in concrete.clean coal technology combust

27、ion products, nproductsgenerated from any technology, including technologies ap-plied at the pre-combustion, combustion, or post combustionstage, at a new or existing facility which will achievesignificant reductions in air emissions of sulfur dioxide oroxides of nitrogen associated with the utiliza

28、tion of coal inthe generation of electricity, or process steam which was notin widespread use as of November 15, 1990.closure, nthe decommissioning of a disposal facility.closure plan, na written plan that describes the steps theowner or operator of the disposal facility will take to closethe facili

29、ty in accordance with regulatory or other require-ments.coal ash, na collective term referring to any solid materialsor residues (such as fly ash, bottom ash or boiler slag)produced primarily from the combustion of coal.coal combustion products (CCPs), nfly ash, bottom ash,boiler slag, fluidized-bed

30、 combustion (FBC) ash, or flue gasdesulfurization (FGD) material produced primarily from thecombustion of coal or the cleaning of the stack gases.coal mine waste, nthe coal processing waste and under-ground development waste.coal processing waste, nthe earth materials which areseparated and wasted f

31、rom the coal during cleaning, concen-trating, or other processing or preparation of coal.coal refuse, nwaste products of coal mining, cleaning, andcoal preparation operation (for example, culm, gob, etc.)containing coal, matrix material, clay, and other organic andinorganic material. This does not i

32、nclude overburden fromsurface paction, nthe densification of a soil or coal combustionproduct by means of mechanical manipulation; reduction inbulk volume of solid waste by rolling and tamping.conditioned ash, nash that has been moistened with waterduring the load out process at the temporary storag

33、e silo atthe power plant to allow for its handling, transport, andplacement without causing fugitive dusting.consolidation, nthe reduction in volume of a fill caused bymovement of water out of the fill mass. Consolidationgenerally occurs due to an increase in the vertical stress ona fill. It is the

34、movement of water rather than the compres-sion of air-filled voids that distinguishes consolidation fromcompaction.controlled low-strength material (CLSM), na flowable fillconforming to ACI 229 R.cyclone, na cone-shaped air-cleaning apparatus that operatesby centrifugal separation and is used in par

35、ticle collectingand fine grinding operations.deep mine injection, nplacement of materials such as ashand flue gas cleaning material into underground depletedmine cavities through boreholes, either pneumatically orhydraulically.density, nthe mass per unit volume; weight per unit volume,expressed as g

36、rams per cubic centimeter or pounds per cubicfoot for solids and liquids and usually as grams per liter forgases.dewatering, va physical process which removes sufficientwater from a sludge, FGD material, or ponded ash and FGDE 2201 02a2solids so that its physical form is changed from essentiallythat

37、 of a fluid to that of a damp solid.dike, nan embankment or ridge of either natural or syntheticmaterials used to contain or hold a liquid, slurry, sludge, orother material in ponds.discharge, nthe release of any solid, liquid or gas wastestream or any constituent thereof to the environment.disposal

38、 facility, na facility or part of a facility at whichwaste is intentionally placed into or on any land or water,and at which waste will remain after closure.double liners, na combination of two synthetic and/ornatural buffers acting independently to separate waste fromunderlying soil and ground wate

39、r.drainage blanket, na uniform layer of permeable materialsuch as sand, crushed stone, or bottom ash/boiler slaginstalled with properly designed filter media at the base of astructural fill to maintain the fill in a drained condition.dry fly ash, nfly ash that has been collected by particulateremova

40、l equipment such as electrostatic precipitators, Bag-houses, mechanical collectors, or fabric filters.electrostatic precipitator (ESP), na facility that removesfly ash from the flue gas by producing an electric charge onthe fly ash and collecting it electrostatically.encapsulation, nthe complete enc

41、losure of a waste inanother material in such a way as to isolate it from externaleffects.ettringite, na high-calcium sulfoaluminate mineral (Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 26H2O).filler, na substance added to a system or product to increasebulk, weight, viscosity, opacity, or strength.final cover, ncover materi

42、al that is applied as part of closureof a landfill or surface impoundment.fixated CCPs, nCCPs that are blended with a cementitiousbinder to induce or enhance a pozzolanic reaction.fixation, nsolidification or stabilization.flowable fill, na material that flows like a liquid, is self-leveling, requir

43、es no compaction or vibration to achievemaximum density, hardens to a predetermined strength andis sometimes a controlled low strength material (CLSM).flue gas conditioning, nthe process of adding chemicalssuch as sulfur trioxide or ammonia to the flue gas in order toimprove the performance of the e

44、lectrostatic precipitator(ESP) or reduce the opacity of emissions from the stack.flue gas desulfurization (FGD), nremoval of gaseous sulfurdioxide from boiler exhaust gas. Primary types of FGDprocesses are wet scrubbers, dry scrubbers and sorbentinjection. Sorbents include lime, limestone, sodium-ba

45、sedcompounds and high-calcium coal fly ash.dry FGD ash, nsee dry FGD material.dry FGD material, nthe product that is produced from dryFGD systems and consists primarily of calcium sulfite, flyash, portlandite (Ca(OH)2), and/or calcite.fixated FGD material, na designed mixture of dewateredFGD sludge

46、that is primarily calcium sulfite with either ahigh-lime fly ash or a low lime fly ash combined with acementitious material. FGD sludge is also known as scrub-ber sludge, scrubber material, FGD solids, filter cake orcentrifuge cake.lime spray drier ash, nsee dry FGD material.stabilized FGD material,

47、 nanother name for fixated FGDmaterial.wet FGD products, nthe product of wet FGD processes orsystems. It is composed primarily of water, calcium sulfite/sulfate solids, and small quantities of fly ash. Wet FGDproducts can be thixotropic.FGD gypsum, ngypsum formed from an oxidizing andcalcium-based f

48、lue gas desulfurization process.FGD material, na product of an FGD process typicallyusing a high-calcium sorbent such as lime or limestone.Sodium-based sorbent and high-calcium coal fly ashes arealso used in some systems. The physical nature of thesematerials varies from a wet thixotropic sludge to

49、a drypowdered material depending on the process.FGD material dry scrubbers, nthe dry powdered materialfrom dry scrubbers that is collected in a baghouse along withfly ash and consists of a mixture of sulfites, sulfates, and flyash.fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) ash, nthe fly ash and bedash produced by an FBC boiler.fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) bed ash, nthe spent bedmaterial that is produced by an FBC boiler. The bed ash isusually collected separately and can be considered as beingequivalent to bo