ASTM D2500-2016 Standard Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products《石油产品浊点的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: D2500 11D2500 16 British Standard 4458Standard Test Method forCloud Point of Petroleum Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2500; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las

2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers only petro

3、leum products and biodiesel fuels that are transparent in layers 40 mm 40 mm inthickness, and with a cloud point below 49C.49 C.NOTE 1The interlaboratory program consisted of petroleum products of Test Method D1500 color of 3.5 and lower. The precisions stated in this testmethod may not apply to sam

4、ples with ASTM color higher than 3.5.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 WARNINGMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause centralnervous system, kidney a

5、nd liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Cautionshould be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS) for details and EPAs websitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor ad

6、ditional information. Users should be awarethat selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of thi

7、s standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products (ASTM Color Scale)D63

8、00 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products and LubricantsD7962 Practice for Determination of Minimum Immersion Depth and Assessment of Temperature Sensor Measurement DriftE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE1137 Specific

9、ation for Industrial Platinum Resistance ThermometersE2877 Guide for Digital Contact Thermometers2.2 Energy Institute Standard:3Specifications for IP Standard Thermometers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 biodiesel, na fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long

10、chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats,designated B100.3.1.1.1 DiscussionBiodiesel is typically produced by a reaction of vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol in the1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum

11、 Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved June 1, 2011Jan. 1, 2016. Published July 2011February 2016. Originally approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 20092011 asD2500D2500 11.09. DOI: 10.1

12、520/D2500-11.10.1520/D2500-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from Energy Institu

13、te, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequatel

14、y depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM Inter

15、national, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1presence of a catalyst to yield mono-esters and glycerin. The fuel typically may contain up to 14 different types of fatty acids thatare chemically transformed into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).3.1.2 bio

16、diesel blend, na blend of biodiesel fuel with petroleum-based diesel fuel designated BXX, where XX is the volume% of biodiesel.3.1.3 cloud point, n in petroleum products and biodiesel fuels, the temperature of a liquid specimen when the smallestobservable cluster of hydrocarbon crystals first occurs

17、 upon cooling under prescribed conditions.3.1.3.1 DiscussionTo many observers, the cluster of wax crystals looks like a patch of whitish or milky cloud, hence the name of the test method.The cloud appears when the temperature of the specimen is low enough to cause wax crystals to form. For many spec

18、imens, thecrystals first form at the lower circumferential wall of the test jar where the temperature is lowest. The size and position of thecloud or cluster at the cloud point varies depending on the nature of the specimen. Some samples will form large, easily observable,clusters, while others are

19、barely perceptible.3.1.3.2 DiscussionUpon cooling to temperatures lower than the cloud point, clusters of crystals will grow in multiple directions; for example, aroundthe lower circumference of the test jar, towards the center of the jar, or vertically upwards. The crystals can develop into a ringo

20、f cloud along the bottom circumference, followed by extensive crystallization across the bottom of the test jar as temperaturedecreases. Nevertheless, the cloud point is defined as the temperature at which the crystals first appear, not when an entire ringor full layer of wax has been formed at the

21、bottom of the test jar.3.1.3.3 DiscussionIn general, it is easier to detect the cloud point of samples with large clusters that form quickly, such as paraffinic samples. Thecontrast between the opacity of the cluster and the liquid is also sharper. In addition, small brightly-reflective spots can so

22、metimesbe observed inside the cluster when the specimen is well illuminated. For other more difficult samples, such as naphthenic,hydrocracked, and those samples whose cold flow behavior have been chemically altered, the appearance of the first cloud can beless distinct. The rate of crystal growth i

23、s slow, the opacity contrast is weak, and the boundary of the cluster is more diffuse. Asthe temperature of these specimens decrease below the cloud point, the diffuse cluster will increase in size and can form a generalhaze throughout. A slight haze throughout the entire sample, which slowly become

24、s more apparent as the temperature of thespecimen decreases, can also be caused by traces of water in the specimen instead of crystal formation (see Note 35). With thesedifficult samples, drying the sample prior to testing can eliminate this type of interference.3.1.3.4 DiscussionThe purpose of the

25、cloud point method is to detect the presence of the wax crystals in the specimen; however trace amounts ofwater and inorganic compounds may also be present. The intent of the cloud point method is to capture the temperature at whichthe liquids in the specimen begin to change from a single liquid pha

26、se to a two-phase system containing solid and liquid. It is notthe intent of this test method to monitor the phase transition of the trace components, such as water.3.1.4 digital contact thermometer (DCT), nan electronic device consisting of a digital display and associated temperaturesensing probe.

27、3.1.4.1 DiscussionThis device consists of a temperature sensor connected to a measuring instrument; this instrument measures the temperature-dependent quantity of the sensor, computes the temperature from the measured quantity, and provides a digital output. This digitaloutput goes to a digital disp

28、lay and/or recording device that may be internal or external to the device. These devices are sometimesreferred to as a “digital thermometer”.3.1.4.2 DiscussionPortable electronic thermometers (PET) is an acronym sometimes used to refer to a subset of the devices covered by this definition.D2500 162

29、4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The specimen is cooled at a specified rate and examined periodically. The temperature at which a cloud is first observed atthe bottom of the test jar is recorded as the cloud point.5. Significance and Use5.1 For petroleum products and biodiesel fuels, cloud point of a pe

30、troleum product is an index of the lowest temperature of theirutility for certain applications.6. Apparatus (see Fig. 1)6.1 Test Jar, clear, cylindrical glass, flat bottom, 33.233.2 mm to 34.8-mm34.8 mm outside diameter and 115 and 125-mm115 mm to 125 mm in height. The inside diameter of the jar may

31、 range from 3030 mm to 32.4 mm 32.4 mm within the constraintthat the wall thickness be no greater than 1.6 mm. 1.6 mm.The jar should be marked with a line to indicate sample height 5454 mm6 3 mm 3 mm above the inside bottom.6.2 Thermometers, Temperature Measuring Device having ranges shown below and

32、 conformingEither liquid-in-glassthermometers as described in 6.2.1 to the requirements as prescribed or digital contact thermometer (DCT) meeting therequirements described in 6.2.2Specification .E1 or Specifications for IP Standard Thermometers.ThermometerNumberThermometer Temperature Range ASTM IP

33、High cloud and pour 38 to +50C 5C 1CLow cloud and pour 80 to +20C 6C 2C6.2.1 Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers, having ranges shown below and conforming to the requirements as prescribed inSpecification E1 or Specifications for IP Standard Thermometers.ThermometerNumberThermometer Temperature Range ASTM

34、IPHigh cloud and pour 38 C to +50 C 5C 1CLow cloud and pour 80 C to +20 C 6C 2CNOTE 1All dimensions are in milllimetres.FIG. 1 Apparatus for Cloud Point TestD2500 1636.2.2 Digital Contact Thermometer Requirements:Parameter RequirementDCT Guide E2877 Class G or betterTemperature range 65 C to 90 CDis

35、play resolution 1 C minimum, preferably 0.1 CSensor type PRT, thermistor, thermocoupleSensor 3 mm O.D. with a sensing element less than 10 mm in lengthMinimum immersion Less than 40 mm per Practice D7962Sample immersion depth As shown in Fig. 1 or subsection 8.3Display accuracy 500 mK (0.5 C) for co

36、mbined probe and sensorResponse time less than or equal to 25 s as defined in Specification E1137Drift less than 500 mK (0.5 C) per yearCalibration error less than 500 mK (0.5 C) over the range of intended use.Calibration range 40 C or lower to 85 CCalibration data 4 data points evenly distributed o

37、ver calibration range with data included in calibration report.Calibration report From a calibration laboratory with demonstrated competency in temperature calibration which is traceable to a nationalcalibration laboratory or metrology standards bodyNOTE 2When the DCT display is mounted on the end t

38、o the probes sheath, the test jar with the probe inserted will be unstable. To resolve this, itis recommended that the probe be less than 30 cm in length but no less than 15 cm. A 5 cm long stopper that has a low thermal conductivity, withapproximately half of it inserted in the sample tube, will im

39、prove stability.6.2.2.1 The DCT calibration drift shall be checked at least annually by either measuring the ice point or against a referencethermometer in a constant temperature bath at the prescribed immersion depth to ensure compliance with 6.2.2. See PracticeD7962.NOTE 3When a DCTs calibration d

40、rifts in one direction over several calibration checks, that is, ice point, it may be an indication of deteriorationof the DCT.6.3 Cork, to fit the test jar, bored centrally for the test thermometer.6.4 Jacket, metal or glass, watertight, cylindrical, flat bottom, about 115 mm 115 mm in depth, with

41、an inside diameter of44.244.2 mm to 45.8 mm. 45.8 mm. It shall be supported free of excessive vibration and firmly in a vertical position in the coolingbath of 6.7 so that not more than 25 mm 25 mm projects out of the cooling medium.medium and shall be capable of being cleaned.6.5 Disk, cork or felt

42、, 6-mm6 mm thick to fit loosely inside the jacket.6.6 Gasket, ring form, about 5 mm 5 mm in thickness, to fit snugly around the outside of the test jar and loosely inside the jacket.The gasket may be made of rubber, leather, or other material that is elastic enough to cling to the test jar and hard

43、enough to holdits shape. Its purpose is to prevent the test jar from touching the jacket.6.7 Bath or Baths, maintained at prescribed temperatures with a firm support to hold the jacket vertical. The required bathtemperatures may be maintained by refrigeration if available, otherwise by suitable cool

44、ing mixtures. Cooling mixtures commonlyused for bath temperatures shown are in Table 1.TABLE 1 Cooling Mixtures and Bath TemperaturesBath TemperatureIce and water 0 1.5CIce and water 0 C 1.5 CCrushed ice and sodium chloride crystals, orAcetone or petroleum naphtha or methanol or ethanol (see Section

45、 7)with solid carbon dioxide added to give the desired temperature18 1.5CCrushed ice and sodium chloride crystals, orAcetone or petroleum naphtha or methanol or ethanol (see Section 7)with solid carbon dioxide added to give the desired temperature18 C 1.5 CAcetone or petroleum naphtha or methanol or

46、 ethanol (see Section 7)with solid carbon dioxide added to give the desired temperature33 1.5CAcetone or petroleum naphtha or methanol or ethanol (see Section 7)with solid carbon dioxide added to give the desired temperature33 C 1.5 CAcetone or petroleum naphtha or methanol or ethanol (see Section 7

47、)with solid carbon dioxide added to give the desired temperature51 1.5CAcetone or petroleum naphtha or methanol or ethanol (see Section 7)with solid carbon dioxide added to give the desired temperature51 C 1.5 CAcetone or petroleum naphtha or methanol or ethanol (see Section 7)with solid carbon diox

48、ide added to give the desired temperature69 1. 5CAcetone or petroleum naphtha or methanol or ethanol (see Section 7)with solid carbon dioxide added to give the desired temperature69 C 1. 5 CD2500 1647. Reagents and Materials7.1 AcetoneTechnical grade acetone is suitable for the cooling bath, provide

49、d it does not leave a residue on drying.(WarningExtremely flammable.)7.2 Carbon Dioxide (Solid) or Dry IceA commercial grade of dry ice is suitable for use in the cooling bath.7.3 Petroleum NaphthaA commercial or technical grade of petroleum naphtha is suitable for the cooling bath. (WarningCombustible. Vapor harmful.)7.4 Sodium Chloride CrystalsCommercial or technical grade sodium chloride is suitable.7.5 Sodium SulfateA reagent grade of anhydrous sodium sulfate should be used