ASTM C1293-2008a Standard Test Method for Determination of Length Change of Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction.pdf

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1、Designation: C 1293 08aStandard Test Method forDetermination of Length Change of Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1293; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the

2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the sus-ceptibility of an aggregate or combination of an aggre

3、gate withpozzolan or slag for participation in expansive alkali-silicareaction by measurement of length change of concrete prisms.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establis

4、h appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (WarningFreshhydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may causechemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded a

5、s thestandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 29/C 29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”)and Voids in AggregateC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and ConcreteAggregatesC 13

6、8/C 138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight),Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of ConcreteC 143/C 143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement ConcreteC 150 Specification for Portland CementC 157/C 157M Test Method for Length Change of Hard-ened Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and ConcreteC 192/C 192

7、M Practice for Making and Curing ConcreteTest Specimens in the LaboratoryC 227 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity ofCement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method)C 289 Test Method for Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity ofAggregates (Chemical Method)C 294 Descriptive Nomenclature for Cons

8、tituents of Con-crete AggregatesC 295 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregatesfor ConcreteC 490 Practice for Use of Apparatus for the Determinationof Length Change of Hardened Cement Paste, Mortar, andConcreteC 494/C 494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forConcreteC511 Specification fo

9、r Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets,Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used in theTesting of Hydraulic Cements and ConcretesC 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC 702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate toTesting SizeC 856 Practice for Petro

10、graphic Examination of HardenedConcreteC 989 Specification for Ground Granulated Blast-FurnaceSlag for Use in Concrete and MortarsC 1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in CementitiousMixturesC 1260 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity ofAggregates (Mortar-Bar Method)D75 Practice for Sampl

11、ing Aggregates2.2 CSA Standards:4CSA A23.2-14A Potential Expansivity of Aggregates (Pro-cedure for Length Change due to Alkali-Aggregate Reac-tion in Concrete Prisms at 38 C)CSA A23.2-27A Standard Practice to Identify Degree ofAlkali-Reactivity of Aggregates and to Identify Measuresto Avoid Deleteri

12、ous Expansion in ConcreteCSA A23.2-28A Standard Practice for Laboratory Testingto Demonstrate the Effectiveness of Supplementary Ce-menting Materials and Lithium-Based Admixtures to Pre-vent Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete1This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee C09 on Concrete an

13、dConcrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.26 onChemical Reactions.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2008. Published February 2008. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C 1293 08.2Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Co

14、ncrete Testing ,Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.02.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Av

15、ailable from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 5060 Spectrum Way,Mississauga, ON L4W 5N6, Canada, http:/www.csa.ca.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

16、3. Terminology3.1 Terminology used in this standard is as given in Termi-nology C 125 or Descriptive Nomenclature C 294.4. Significance and Use4.1 Alkali-silica reaction is a chemical interaction betweensome siliceous constituents of concrete aggregates and hy-droxyl ions (1).5The concentration of h

17、ydroxyl ion within theconcrete is predominantly controlled by the concentration ofsodium and potassium (2).4.2 This test method is intended to evaluate the potential ofan aggregate or combination of an aggregate with pozzolan orslag to expand deleteriously due to any form of alkali-silicareactivity

18、(3,4).4.3 When testing an aggregate with pozzolan or slag, theresults are used to establish minimum amounts of the specificpozzolan or slag needed to prevent deleterious expansion.Pozzolan or slag from a specific source can be tested individu-ally or in combination with pozzolan or slag from otherso

19、urces.4.4 When selecting a sample or deciding on the number ofsamples for test, it is important to recognize the variability inlithology of material from a given source, whether a deposit ofsand, gravel, or a rock formation of any origin. For specificadvice, see Guide C 295.4.5 This test method is i

20、ntended for evaluating the behaviorof aggregates in portland cement concrete with an alkali (alkalimetal oxide) content of 5.25 kg/m3or in concrete containingpozzolan or slag with an alkali content proportionally reducedfrom 5.25 kg/m3Na2O equivalent by the amount of pozzolanor slag replacing portla

21、nd cement. This test method assessesthe potential for deleterious expansion of concrete caused byalkali-silica reaction, of either coarse or fine aggregates, fromtests performed under prescribed laboratory curing conditionsthat will probably differ from field conditions. Thus, actualfield performanc

22、e will not be duplicated due to differences inconcrete alkali content, wetting and drying, temperature, otherfactors, or combinations of these (5).4.6 Results of tests conducted on an aggregate as describedherein should form a part of the basis for a decision as towhether precautions should be taken

23、 against excessive expan-sion due to alkali-silica reaction. Results of tests conducted oncombinations of an aggregate with pozzolans or slag shouldform a part of the basis for a decision as to whether the specificpozzolan or slag, when used in the amount tested, was effectivein preventing excessive

24、 expansion. These decisions should bemade before a particular aggregate is used in concrete con-struction. Criteria to determine the potential deleteriousness ofexpansions measured in this test are given in Appendix X1.4.7 When the expansions in this test method are greater thanthe limit shown in X1

25、.2, the aggregate or combination ofaggregate with the tested amount of pozzolan or slag ispotentially alkali-reactive. Supplemental information should bedeveloped to confirm that the expansion is actually due toalkali-silica reaction. Petrographic examination of the concreteprisms should be conducte

26、d after the test using Practice C 856to confirm that known reactive constituents are present and toidentify the products of alkali-silica reactivity. Confirmation ofalkali-silica reaction is also derived from the results of the testmethods this procedure supplements (see Appendix X1).4.8 If the supp

27、lemental tests show that a given aggregate ispotentially deleteriously reactive, additional studies may beappropriate to evaluate preventive measures in order to allowsafe use of the aggregate. Preventive measures are mentionedin the Appendix to Specification C33.4.9 This test method does not addres

28、s the general suitabilityof pozzolans or slag for use in concrete. These materials shouldcomply with Specification C 618, Specification C 989,orSpecification C 1240.5. Apparatus5.1 The molds, the associated items for molding test speci-mens, and the length comparator for measuring length changeshall

29、 conform to the applicable requirements of Test MethodC 157/C 157M and Practice C 490, and the molds shall havenominal 75-mm square cross sections.5.2 The storage container options required to maintain theprisms at a high relative humidity are described in 5.2.1.5.2.1 Recommended ContainerThe recomm

30、ended con-tainers are 19 to 22-L polyethylene pails with airtight lids andapproximate dimensions of 250- to 270-mm diameter atbottom, 290 to 310 mm at top, by 355 to 480 mm high. Preventsignificant loss of enclosed moisture due to evaporation withairtight lid seal. Place a perforated rack in the bot

31、tom of thestorage container so that the prisms are 30 to 40 mm above thebottom. Fill the container with water to a depth of 20 6 5mmabove the bottom. A significant moisture loss is defined as aloss greater than 3 % of the original amount of water placed atthe bottom of the pail. Place a wick of abso

32、rbent materialaround the inside wall of the container from the top so that thebottom of the wick extends into the water (See Note 1).5.2.2 Alternative ContainersAlternative storage contain-ers may be used. Confirm the efficiency of the alternativestorage container with an alkali-reactive aggregate o

33、f knownexpansion characteristics.6The expansion efficiency is con-firmed when expansions at one year obtained using thealternative container are within 10 % of those obtained usingthe recommended container. Alternative storage containersmust contain the required depth of water. When reportingresults

34、, note the use of an alternative container, if one is used,together with documentation proving compliance with theabove.NOTE 1Polypropylene geotextile fabric or blotting paper are suitablematerials for use as the wick.5The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of

35、this test method.6The sole source of supply of non-reactive aggregates and alkali-silica reactiveaggregates of known expansion characteristics (6) known to the committee at thistime is The Petrographer, Engineering Materials Office, Ministry of Transportation,1201 Wilson Ave., Downsview, Ontario, Ca

36、nada, M3M1J8 If you are aware ofalternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee1, which you may attend.C 1293 08a25.3 The storage environment necessary to mai

37、ntain the 38.0C reaction accelerating storage temperature consistently andhomogeneously is described in 5.3.1.5.3.1 Recommended EnvironmentThe recommended stor-age environment is a sealed space insulated so as to minimizeheat loss. Provide a fan for air circulation so the maximumvariation in tempera

38、ture measured within 250 mm of the topand bottom of the space does not exceed 2.0 C. Provide aninsulated entry door with adequate seals so as to minimize heatloss. Racks for storing containers within the space are not to becloser than 30 mm to the sides of the enclosure and are to beperforated so as

39、 to provide air flow. Provide an automaticallycontrolled heat source to maintain the temperature at 38.0 62.0 C (see Note 2). Record the ambient temperature and itsvariation within the space to ensure compliance.NOTE 2It has been found to be good practice to monitor the efficiencyof the storage envi

40、ronment by placing thermocouples inside dummyconcrete specimens inside a dummy container within the storage area. Thestorage room described in Test Method C 227 generally will be satisfac-tory.5.3.2 Alternative Storage EnvironmentUse of an alterna-tive storage environment is permitted. Confirm the e

41、fficiencyof the alternative storage container with an alkali-reactiveaggregate of known expansion characteristics.6The expansionefficiency is confirmed when expansions at one year obtainedusing the alternative storage environment are within 10 % ofthose obtained using the recommended environment. Wh

42、enreporting the results, note the use of an alternative storageenvironment, if one is utilized, together with documentationproving compliance with the above.6. Reagents6.1 Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)USP or technical grademay be used. (WarningBefore using NaOH, review: (1) thesafety precautions for using

43、 NaOH; (2) first aid for burns; and(3) the emergency response to spills as described in themanufacturers Material Safety Data Sheet or other reliablesafety literature. NaOH can cause severe burns and injury tounprotected skin and eyes. Always use suitable personalprotective equipment including: full

44、-face shields, rubberaprons, and gloves impervious to NaOH (Check periodicallyfor pinholes.).)6.2 Water:6.2.1 Use potable tap water for mixing and storage.7. Materials7.1 CementUse a cement meeting the requirements for aType I Portland cement as specified in Specification C 150. Thecement must have

45、a total alkali content of 0.9 6 0.1 % Na2Oequivalent (Na2O equivalent is calculated as percent Na2O+0.658 3 percent K2O). Determine the total alkali content of thecement either by analysis or by obtaining a mill run certificatefrom the cement manufacturer. Add NaOH to the concretemixing water so as

46、to increase the alkali content of the mixture,expressed as Na2O equivalent, to 1.25 % by mass of cement(see Note 3).NOTE 3The value of 1.25 % Na2O equivalent by mass of cement hasbeen chosen to accelerate the process of expansion rather than toreproduce field conditions. At the 420 kg/m3cement conte

47、nt, thiscorresponds to an alkali level of 5.25 kg/m3.7.2 Aggregates:7.2.1 To evaluate the reactivity of a coarse aggregate, use anonreactive fine aggregate. A nonreactive fine aggregate isdefined as an aggregate that develops an expansion in theaccelerated mortar bar, (see Test Method C 1260) of les

48、s than0.10 % at 14 days (see X1.6 for interpretation of expansiondata). Use a fine aggregate meeting Specification C33with afineness modulus of 2.7 6 0.2.7.2.2 To evaluate the reactivity of a fine aggregate, use anonreactive coarse aggregate. Prepare the nonreactive coarseaggregate according to 7.2.

49、3.6A nonreactive coarse aggregateis defined as an aggregate that develops an expansion in theaccelerated mortar bar (see Test Method C 1260) of less than0.10 % at 14 days (see X1.6 for interpretation of expansiondata). Use a coarse aggregate meeting Specification C33. Testthe fine aggregate using the grading as delivered to thelaboratory.7.2.3 Sieve the coarse aggregate and recombine in accor-dance with the requirements in Table 1. If it is impractical toconstruct the Table 1 grading because of insufficient coarsematerial, recombine the material to the as-received gra