ASTM F1478-2006(2011) Standard Test Method for Determination of Abrasion Resistance of Images Produced from Copiers and Printers (Taber Method)《测定复印机和打印机印的制图像耐磨性的标准试验方法 (泰伯法)》.pdf

《ASTM F1478-2006(2011) Standard Test Method for Determination of Abrasion Resistance of Images Produced from Copiers and Printers (Taber Method)《测定复印机和打印机印的制图像耐磨性的标准试验方法 (泰伯法)》.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《ASTM F1478-2006(2011) Standard Test Method for Determination of Abrasion Resistance of Images Produced from Copiers and Printers (Taber Method)《测定复印机和打印机印的制图像耐磨性的标准试验方法 (泰伯法)》.pdf（5页珍藏版）》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。

1、Designation: F1478 06 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Test Method forDetermination of Abrasion Resistance of Images Producedfrom Copiers and Printers (Taber Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1478; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ado

2、ption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining theamount of image

3、abraded from the surface of a document.1.2 This test method may be used to evaluate the abrasionresistance of images produced by business imaging products,including nonimpact printers, thermal transfer printers, andcopiers. The machine shall be capable of producing thespecified image.1.3 Testing foc

4、uses on determining the amount of imagedmaterial removed, resulting from forces which impart a rub-bing or grinding action principally on the top surface of theimage.1.4 Comparison may be made between various imagingdevices or the image-producing components of an individualmachine.1.5 Other test met

5、hods employing the Crockmeter (TestMethod F1319), Sutherland Rub Tester, and Gavarti GA-CATmay be employed to evaluate the smudge and abrasioncharacteristics. Results by these test methods are not necessar-ily equivalent to those obtained by this test method.1.6 This standard does not purport to add

6、ress all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F335 Terminol

7、ogy Relating to Electrostatic ImagingF1319 Test Method for Determination of Abrasion andSmudge Resistance of Images Produced from BusinessCopy Products (Crockmeter Method)2.2 ANSI Standards:PH2.17 Density MeasurementsGeometric Conditions forReflection Density3PH2.18 Density MeasurementsSpectral Cond

8、itions32.3 ASTM Adjuncts:Abrasion Test Target43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral definitions related to electrostaticcopying may be found in Terminology F335.3.2 abrasion resistancethe ability of an image to with-stand the frictional forces attempting to remove the surfacematerial.3.3 smudgethe te

9、ndency of an image to smear or streakonto the adjacent area when rubbed, involving the redepositionof abraded material.3.4 smudge resistancethe ability of an image to withstandsmudging.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Test specimens are generated of an image described inthis test method. Suitable hard c

10、opy targets for use in copiersand computer program diskettes for use in computer printersare available from ASTM. The specimens are abraded with aspecified instrument and evaluated by visual comparison orreflectance measurements, or both.5. Significance and Use5.1 The degree of image abraded from a

11、copy or printedimage may be affected by various factors, including the type ofmachine, condition of the machine, supplies employed, timesince imaging, and environmental conditions. As many aspossible of these variables should be controlled during the test.If available, a control sample with known ch

12、aracteristicsshould be run along with the test samples.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.04 onElectrostatic Imaging Products.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published September 2012

13、. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F147806. DOI:10.1520/F1478-06R11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standar

14、ds Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4thFloor, New York, NY 10036.4Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJF1478.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohock

15、en, PA 19428-2959. United States15.2 This test method may be used to determine imageresistance to damage or deterioration as a result of exposure toabrasive forces, such as automated document handling devices.5.3 This test method may be used for control of productquality, comparative analysis of mac

16、hines, comparative analy-sis of imaging components, as well as a research and develop-ment tool.5.4 This test method is adaptable to images produced frommost nonimpact printers and copiers. The printers shall becapable of utilizing the available program to produce thespecified image.5.5 If the user

17、wishes to simulate the type of damage orsmudge resulting from paper rubbing against the printed imageor from normal handling, consideration should be given tousing either the Crockmeter Method (Test Method F1319), theSutherland Rub Method, or the Gavarti GA-CAT Method.6. Interferences6.1 The degree

18、of image fixing is an integral factor in theresistance of the image to damage or deterioration due toabrasion. The image fixing capabilities of copiers and printersmay be significantly influenced by the choice of supplies. Toobtain an accurate representation of the capabilities of anygiven machine,

19、the manufacturers recommendations for toner,fusers, fuser oils, other imaging supplies, and paper should befollowed.6.2 Due to the temperature cycling of some copier andprinter fuser systems, the degree of image fixing may vary asa function of the length of time the machine has been turned onor as a

20、 function of the number of copies or prints in a given run.NOTE 1For example, the degree of image fixing may be different forthe first few copies made right after the machine is turned on than it willbe for the copies made several hours later. Also, the fiftieth copy of a runmay have a different deg

21、ree of fixing than the second or third copy of thatsame run.6.3 Unusual environmental conditions, such as extremes oftemperature and humidity may affect both the degree of imagefixing and the copy quality. For this reason, it is recommendedthat the environmental conditions be noted when conductingco

22、mparison tests between machines or supplies. For the mostaccurate comparisons, the environment should be kept asconstant as reasonably possible during the entire test.7. Apparatus and Materials7.1 Abrasion Tester Taber Model 503, 5130, or equiva-lent.57.2 Abrasion Wheels Taber Calibrase CS-10F abras

23、ionwheels.67.3 Auxiliary Weights500 g.77.4 Specimen Holder Model E100 having 125 414-in.(10.80-cm) outside diameter with Model E100101 ClampRing.87.5 Silicon Carbide Paper150 grit cut into discs andhole-punched in the center to fit specimen holder (Taber S11Abrasive Disc).97.6 Taber Model 200 Diamon

24、d Wheel Refacer.107.7 Source of Vacuum, for removing particles wastes fromabrasion surface, either separate or built into the tester.7.8 Compressed Air Source35 to 60 psi (240 to 413 KPa).7.9 Test Copier or Printer, adjusted and equipped withappropriate toner, fuser oil, paper, and other supplies as

25、required. If a copier or printer is to be used to evaluate a supplyitem, all other supply items should be unchanged during theduration of the comparison test.7.10 If comparison tests are being made between copiers orprinters, all supply items should be as specified by themanufacturer. Unless otherwi

26、se specified by the manufacturer,the same paper should be used in each of the machines.7.11 Copier Test TargetA printed Abrasion Test Target isavailable as an ASTM adjunct. Fig. 1 shows a printed exampleof the target.5The sole source of supply of the apparatus (Taber Model 503, 5130) known tothe com

27、mittee at this time is Taber Industries, 455 Bryant St., North Towanda, NY14120. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which

28、you may attend.6The sole source of supply of the apparatus (Taber Calibrase CS-10F AbrasionWheels) known to the committee at this time is Taber Industries, 455 Bryant St.,North Towanda, NY 14120. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please providethis information to ASTM International Headquar

29、ters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1whichyou may attend.7The sole source of supply of the apparatus (Taber Auxiliary Weights) known tothe committee at this time is Taber Industries, 455 Bryant St., North Towanda, NY14120. If you

30、are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.8The sole source of supply of the apparatus (Model E100125 Specimen Holde

31、rand Model E100101 Clamp Ring) known to the committee at this time is TaberIndustries, 455 Bryant St., North Towanda, NY 14120. If you are aware ofalternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting o

32、f theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend.9The sole source of supply of the apparatus (Taber S-11 Abrasive Disc) knownto the committee at this time is Taber Industries, 455 Bryant St., North Towanda, NY14120. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information

33、 toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.10The sole source of supply of the apparatus (Taber Model 200 Diamond WheelRefacer) known to the committee at this time is Taber Industries,

34、 455 Bryant St.,North Towanda, NY 14120. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please providethis information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1whichyou may attend.F1478 06 (2011)2FIG. 1 Abras

35、ion Test TargetF1478 06 (2011)37.12 Printer Test TargetDiskettes are available in a varietyof programs for several types of personal computer systems.11The diskette allows the generation of an image comparable tothe copier test target.7.13 Reflectometer An instrument for the measurement ofreflection

36、 density meeting the geometric conditions for reflec-tion density specified in ANSI PH2.17, the spectral conditionsspecified in ANSI PH2.18, and having an aperture diameter of10 mm.NOTE 2An aperature of 10 mm will cover the entire area of the testspot. If an instrument with a smaller aperature is us

37、ed, several readingsshall be taken and averaged to obtain the reflectance of the spot.7.13.1 Measurement should be reported as percent reflec-tance. If the instrument reads in optical density, convert thevalues to reflectance, as follows:R,%reflectance! 5110Ddensity!3100 (1)A scientific calculator m

38、ay be used to aid in this conversion.8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Copier or PrinterEnsure that the test copiers orprinters, or both, have been properly adjusted following themanufacturers instructions. Ensure that an adequate amount ofall supplies needed for operation conforms with the manufac-tur

39、ers specifications and is in a quantity adequate to completethe test without replenishment. If replenishment is necessary,make certain that it is from the same lot.8.2 Reflectometer Warm the instrument up and calibrate itin accordance with the manufacturers recommendations.Check calibration frequent

40、ly while making measurements.8.3 Abrasion Tester:8.3.1 Prepare new wheels by conducting two independentdressings of 50 cycles each on a 150-grit abrasive disc,discarding the used abrasive disc after each dressing operation.If a thin film of material develops on the edge of the wheelsduring dressing,

41、 it may be removed by gently rubbing with afinger while rotating the wheels by hand on their spindles.Avoid touching the abrading surfaces of the wheels.8.3.2 Place the 500-g auxiliary weights onto the swing arms.8.3.3 Attach the vacuum source to the abrader and set thevacuum level to 100 % to allow

42、 for effective particle removalwithout lifting or damaging the specimens. Set the vacuumnozzle height to18 in.8.3.4 Blow particles off from wheels after abrasion of eachspecimen.8.3.5 Dress wheels 50 cycles with a new 150-grit abrasivedisc after every four specimens.NOTE 3Discoloration of the abrasi

43、ve wheels with image material doesnot necessarily indicate dirty or ineffective wheels. A large amount ofbackground in the path of the wheels would indicate dirty wheels thatshould be dressed.8.3.6 Should either wheel become out-of-round, it will benecessary to simultaneously reface both wheels usin

44、g thediamond wheel refacer. Out-of-round wheels are indicated by aslight up and down motion of the swing arms as the wheelsrotate on the specimen. Refacing must continue until bothwheels are again round.NOTE 4Observe the wheel manufacturers recommendations withrespect to minimum wheel diameter and m

45、aximum shelf life. Store wheelsin their original protective case when not in use.8.3.7 After wheels have been refaced with the diamondwheel refacer, it is necessary to dress them once using 50cycles on a clean 150-grit abrasive disc.9. Procedure9.1 This test method may be used to either make a com-p

46、arative evaluation between two or more printers or copiers orto evaluate a supply item for a printer or copier. Whenevaluating a supply item, a single copier or printer shall beused and all other supply items shall remain constant. In anyevent, the procedure for sample generation and selection,abras

47、ion testing, and evaluation is the same.9.2 Sample Generation and Selection :9.2.1 Turn the copier or printer on for 30 min and ensurethat the machine has been idle in “standby” mode for at leastfive continuous minutes immediately before the test has begun.9.2.2 Generate test copies or prints using

48、a suitable testtarget in the case of a copier, or computer program in the caseof a printer.9.2.3 Run the copier or printer in continuous mode for 2 minto ensure a representation of the varying degrees of toner fixingthat may occur within a given system. Save all copies or prints.Maintain them in the

49、 sequence in which they were generated.9.2.4 For machines rated at less than 40 copies per minute,select sample sets of three consecutive sheets from thebeginning, middle, and end of the run. For machines rated at 40or more copies per minute, select sample sets of three consecu-tive sheets from the beginning, one third, two thirds, and end ofrun.9.3 Abrasion Testing:9.3.1 Cut out the test specimens from two of the three sheetsof the sample sets in such a manner that the test patterns maybe abraded when the specimens are mounted on the abraserspecime