ASTM E2201-2013 Standard Terminology for Coal Combustion Products《煤燃烧产物的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: E2201 13Standard Terminology forCoal Combustion Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2201; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses ind

2、icates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This standard defines terms used in the production,management and use of coal combustion products (CCPs). It isintended to promote understanding by providing p

3、recise tech-nical definitions of terms used.1.2 Terms used only within an individual coal combustionproduct (CCP) standard, and having a meaning unique to thatstandard, may be defined or explained in the terminologysection of that individual standard.2. Terminologyacid mine drainage (AMD), nwater ex

4、hibiting a pH of lessthan 6.0 and in which total acidity exceeds total alkalinity,discharged from an active, inactive or abandoned coal mineand reclamation operation or from an area affected bysurface coal mining and reclamation operations.acid mine water, nsee AMD.aggregate, ngranular material used

5、 as a component inconcrete or mortar with a hydraulic cementing medium toproduce either concrete or mortar.DISCUSSIONExamples include sand, gravel, crushed stone, crushedhydraulic-cement concrete, iron blast furnace slag, or coal bottom ashand boiler slag.alkalinity, nthe capacity of water to neutra

6、lize acids, aproperty imparted by the waters content of carbonates,bicarbonates, and hydroxides and occasionally borates,silicates, and phosphates. It is often expressed in milligramsper liter of calcium carbonate.aquifer , na geologic formation, group of formations, or partof a formation that is sa

7、turated with water and capable ofproviding a significant quantity of water.baghouse, na facility that removes solid particles from theflue gas by the use of fabric filter bags.beneficial use of a CCP, nthe use of or substitution of thecoal combustion product (CCP) for another product based onperform

8、ance criteria. For purposes of this definition, benefi-cial use includes but is not restricted to raw feed for cementclinker, concrete, grout, flowable fill, controlled low strengthmaterial; structural fill; road base/sub-base; soil- modifica-tion; mineral filler; snow and ice traction control; blas

9、tinggrit and abrasives; roofing granules; mining applications;wallboard; waste stabilization/solidification; soil amendmentand agriculture.boiler slag, na molten ash collected at the base of slag tapand cyclone boilers that is quenched with water and shattersinto black, angular particles having a sm

10、ooth, glassy appear-ance.borrow, nan area designated as a source for soil in construc-tion or mine reclamation projects; a source or sources ofmaterial other than the required excavation.bottom ash, nagglomerated ash particles formed in pulver-ized coal boilers that are too large to be carried in th

11、e fluegases and impinge on the boiler walls or fall through opengrates to an ash hopper at the bottom of the boiler. Bottomash is typically grey to black in color, is quite angular, andhas a porous surface structure.bulk density, nthe mass of a material per unit volumeincluding voids. Bulk density i

12、s usually reported on a drybasis.calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO42H2O), ngypsum; theprimary product of a forced-oxidation wet flue gas desulfu-rization system in which additional air is introduced and limeor limestone is used as the reagent.cementitious ash, nfly ash, which hardens irreversibly when

13、mixed with water. Also referred to as self-cementing ash.coal ash, na collective term referring to any solid materialsproduced primarily from the combustion of coal.DISCUSSIONExamples include fly ash, bottom ash, or boiler slag.coal combustion products (CCPs), nfly ash, bottom ash,boiler slag, fluid

14、ized-bed combustion (FBC) ash, or flue gasdesulfurization (FGD) material produced primarily from thecombustion of coal or the cleaning of the stack gases.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 onEnvironmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is thedire

15、ct responsibility of Subcommittee E50.03 on Pollution Prevention/BeneficialUse.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2013. Published December 2013. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E220102a which waswithdrawn January 2011 and reinstated in November 2013. DOI: 10.1520

16、/E2201-13.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1compaction, nthe densification of a soil or coal combustionproduct by means of mechanical manipulation; reducti

17、on inbulk volume of solid waste by rolling and tamping.consolidation, nthe reduction in volume of a fill caused bymovement of water out of the fill mass. Consolidationgenerally occurs due to an increase in the vertical stress ona fill. It is the movement of water rather than the compres-sion of air-

18、filled voids that distinguishes consolidation fromcompaction.cyclone, na cone-shaped air-cleaning apparatus that operatesby centrifugal separation and is used in particle collectingand fine grinding operations.density, nthe mass per unit volume; weight per unit volume,expressed as grams per cubic ce

19、ntimeter or pounds per cubicfoot for solids and liquids and usually as grams per liter forgases.dike, nan embankment or ridge of either natural or syntheticmaterials used to contain or hold a liquid, slurry, sludge, orother material in ponds.discharge, nthe release of any solid, liquid or gas wastes

20、tream or any constituent thereof to the environment.drainage blanket, na uniform layer of permeable materialsuch as sand, crushed stone, or bottom ash/boiler slaginstalled with properly designed filter media at the base of astructural fill to maintain the fill in a drained condition.dry fly ash, nfl

21、y ash that has been collected by particulateremoval equipment such as electrostatic precipitators,Baghouses, mechanical collectors, or fabric filters.electrostatic precipitator (ESP), na facility that removes flyash from the flue gas by producing an electric charge on thefly ash and collecting it el

22、ectrostatically.encapsulation, nthe complete enclosure of a waste inanother material in such a way as to isolate it from externaleffects.ettringite, na high-calcium sulfoaluminate mineral (Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 26H2O).final cover, ncover material that is applied as part of closureof a landfill or surfa

23、ce impoundment.fixation, nsolidification or stabilization.flowable fill, na material that flows like a liquid, is self-leveling, requires no compaction or vibration to achievemaximum density, hardens to a predetermined strength andis sometimes a controlled low strength material (CLSM).flue gas desul

24、furization (FGD), nremoval of gaseous sulfurdioxide from boiler exhaust gas. Primary types of FGDprocesses are wet scrubbers, dry scrubbers and sorbentinjection. Sorbents include lime, limestone, sodium-basedcompounds and high-calcium coal fly ash.dry FGD ash, nsee dry FGD material.dry FGD material,

25、 nthe product that is produced from dryFGD systems and consists primarily of calcium sulfite, fly ash,portlandite (Ca(OH)2), and/or calcite.fixated FGD material, na designed mixture of dewateredFGD sludge that is primarily calcium sulfite with either ahigh-lime fly ash or a low lime fly ash combined

26、 with acementitious material. FGD sludge is also known as scrubbersludge, scrubber material, FGD solids, filter cake or centrifugecake.lime spray drier ash, nsee dry FGD material.stabilized FGD material, nanother name for fixated FGDmaterial.wet FGD products, nthe product of wet FGD processes orsyst

27、ems. It is composed primarily of water, calcium sulfite/sulfate solids, and small quantities of fly ash. Wet FGDproducts can be thixotropic.FGD gypsum, ngypsum formed from an oxidizing andcalcium-based flue gas desulfurization process.FGD material, na product of an FGD process typicallyusing a high-

28、calcium sorbent such as lime or limestone.Sodium-based sorbent and high-calcium coal fly ashes are alsoused in some systems. The physical nature of these materialsvaries from a wet thixotropic sludge to a dry powdered materialdepending on the process.FGD material dry scrubbers, nthe dry powdered mat

29、erialfrom dry scrubbers that is collected in a baghouse along withfly ash and consists of a mixture of sulfites, sulfates, and flyash.fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) ash, nthe fly ash and bedash produced by an FBC boiler.fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) bed ash, nthe spent bedmaterial that is produced

30、by an FBC boiler. The bed ash isusually collected separately and can be considered as beingequivalent to bottom ash in dry bottom or wet-bottomwall-fired furnace.fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) products, nthe unburnedcoal, ash, spent bed material, and unreacted sorbent pro-duced by an FBC boiler.fly

31、ash, ncoal ash that exits a combustion chamber in the fluegas and is captured by air pollution control equipment suchas electrostatic precipitators, Baghouses, and wet scrubbers.fly ash-lime content, nthe total calcium content of fly ash,including reactive and non-reactive calcium species ex-pressed

32、 as calcium oxide (CaO).free lime, nreactive lime and hydroxide species available toreact with a pozzolan to form a cementitious product, usuallyexpressed as a percentage by total weight of the product.leachate, nthe liquid including any suspended componentsin the liquid that has percolated through

33、or drained from apile or cell of solid materials.leaching, vthe operation, natural or designed, of producingleachate.E2201 132lift, nthe depth of soil and other materials placed in anembankment or fill that can be compacted to the specifieddensity with the available equipment.mine subsidence, nthe d

34、ownward displacement of the natu-ral land surface in response to the removal of underlyingsupporting material by mining.pozzolan, nprimarily siliceous or siliceous and aluminousmaterials that will, in finely divided form and in the presenceof moisture, chemically react with calcium hydroxide atordin

35、ary temperatures to form compounds possessing ce-mentitious properties.pozzolanic activity, nthe phenomenon of strength develop-ment that occurs when lime and certain aluminosilicatesreact at ambient temperatures in the presence of water.product, nany object possessing intrinsic value, capable ofdel

36、ivery either as an assembled whole or as a component partor parts, and produced for introduction into trade or com-merce.reclamation, nactions taken to restore mined land to a postmining land use approved by the regulatory authority.run-off , nwater, which, having fallen on a surface, flowsacross th

37、e surface, picking up materials and will, if notcollected, continue into a watercourse. Also any rainwater,leachate or other liquid that drains over land from any part ofa facility.scrubber, na pollution control device designed to removegaseous elements from boiler exhaust gasses. See flue gasdesulf

38、urization.sedimentation, ngravitational settling of solid particles in aliquid system.self-cementing coal fly ash, nsee cementitious ash.slurry, na mixture of water and any finely divided insolublematerial in suspension.soil modification, na change to the physical or chemicalcharacteristics of soils

39、.soil stabilization, na soil modification that improves thephysical characteristics of soils.solidification, nthe conversion of liquids, slurries or sludgesinto a material that can be more easily handled or compactedfor disposal or use; a process for converting a liquid to asolidified material; fly

40、ash is often used as a reagent orsorbent in a solidification process.sorbent , na chemical compound that is added to the gas sideof the steam generator to reduce (sorb) emissions; a sub-stance that decreases the concentration or availability ofanother substance by a sorption mechanism such as absorp

41、-tion and/or adsorption; a material that is used to soak up freeliquids by either adsorption or absorption or both.stabilization, na process for treating a waste to minimize anundesirable attribute of that waste; the treating of solids fromwet scrubbing or other air pollution control processes; fly

42、ashis often used as a reagent or filler.structural fill, nan engineered fill, typically constructed inlayers of uniform thickness and compacted to a desired unitweight in a manner to control compressibility, strength, andhydraulic conductivity.thixotropic, nthe property of a material that enables it

43、 tostiffen in a relatively short time on standing but, uponagitation or manipulation, to change to a very soft consis-tency or to a fluid of high viscosity, the process beingcompletely reversible.treatment, nany method, technique, or process designed tochange the physical, chemical or biological cha

44、racter of awaste to neutralize the waste, render it less hazardous, makeit safer to transport or manage, or reduce its volume.SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee E50 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E220102a)that may impact the use of this standard.(1) T

45、erms not present in the current E50.03 standards wereremoved.(2) The term “coal ash” was revised.E2201 133ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised tha

46、t determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reappro

47、ved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you fe

48、el that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual rep

49、rints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).E2201 134