ASTM D8007-2015e1 1690 Standard Test Method for Wale and Course Count of Weft Knitted Fabrics《纬编针织物经纬密度的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: D8007 151Standard Test Method forWale and Course Count of Weft Knitted Fabrics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8007; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num

2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorial changes were made throughout in March 2016.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of wale andcourse counts of weft knitted

3、 fabrics. Weft knit fabrics aremade on circular or flat-bed knitting machines and includesingle- as well as double-knit fabric categories. Typical ex-amples of single-knits include jersey and single-pique fabrics;typical double-knits are rib, interlock, and swiss pique fabrics.1.2 This test method i

4、s not applicable to warp knit fabricssuch as tricot or raschel.1.3 Wale and course counts are to be reported separately.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard.The values given in parentheses are mathemati-cal conversions to SI units that are provided for informat

5、iononly and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory

6、limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD3887 Specification for Tolerances for Knitted FabricsD4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethodsE177 Practice for Use of the T

7、erms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 For terminology related to fabrics, see TerminologyD4850.3.2 The following terms are relevant to this test method:count-in knitted fabrics, cou

8、rses-in knitted fabrics, knittedfabric, and wales-in knitted fabrics.3.3 For definitions of other textile terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The number of wales and the number of courses per unitdistance of a knitted fabric are counted using a suita

9、ble ruler,magnifying device, or digital camera system. For an illustrationof a simple knitted fabric wale and course orientation, see Fig.1.5. Significance and Use5.1 If there are differences of practical significance betweenreported test results for two laboratories (or more), compara-tive tests sh

10、ould be performed to determine if there is astatistical bias between them using competent statistical assis-tance. As a minimum, ensure that the test samples to be usedare as homogeneous as possible and drawn from the materialfrom which the disparate test results were obtained. The testspecimens are

11、 to be randomly assigned in equal numbers toeach laboratory for testing. The test results from the partici-pating laboratories should be compared using a statistical testfor unpaired data to a probability level chosen before initiationof the testing. If a bias is found, either its cause shall be fou

12、ndand corrected, or future test results for that material shall beadjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.2 The results obtained by this test method may be used todetermine if fabrics meet the tolerances for fabric counts givenin Specification D3887.6. Apparatus6.1 Use any suitable device, suc

13、h as a pick glass, ruler,microscope, or digital camera system that will allow countingby unit distance.6.2 The use of a stylus, pointer, or pick needle is recom-mended when using a pick glass, ruler, or if the microscopedoes not have a micrometer.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Co

14、mmittee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods,General.Current edition approved July 1, 2015. Published September 2015. DOI:10.1520/D8007-15E01.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. U

15、nited States17. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing, takeat random the number of rolls of fabric as directed in anapplicable material specification or other agreement betweenthe purchaser and the supplier. Consider rolls of fabric to be theprimary sampling unit.7.1.1 Laborat

16、ory SampleAs a laboratory sample, take afull width swatch at least 2 yd (2 m) long from each roll offabric in the lot sample.7.1.2 Wale and course counts should be made no closer to afabric selvage or tubular edge than one tenth of the width of thefabric or within 0.5 yd (0.5 m) of the end of the ro

17、ll or piece.7.1.3 Wale and course counts may be made on either theface or the back side of the fabric sample. Select the fabric sidethat allows for the best visual observation of the wales andcourses.7.1.4 It is not necessary to cut out swatches from thelaboratory sample for each wale and course cou

18、nt to be taken.Consider each designated place at which wale and coursecounts are made as a test specimen. It is recommended that awale and a course count be taken at the same site on thelaboratory sample then at different locations along the lengthand across the width of the laboratory sample.7.2 Fo

19、r garments or textile items that represent a laboratorysample, wale and course counts should be made at locations ondifferent panels of the garments or products at least 2 in. (5 cm)away from seams, pockets, plackets, or other assembly sites.8. Conditioning8.1 Condition specimens as directed in Prac

20、tice D1776.Testing may be performed without conditioning. However, incases of dispute, specimens shall be conditioned before testing.8.2 If testing is performed in conditions not specified inPractice D1776, report the prevailing conditions at the time oftesting. Such results may not correspond with

21、the resultsobtained when testing in the standard atmosphere for testingtextiles.9. Procedure9.1 For counting wales, position a ruler or counting devicealong the width direction of the fabric. Using a stylus or thepointer of a counting device, place the starting point betweentwo wales along a single

22、course row. Move the stylus or pointeralong the width direction, counting the number of wales untila 1-in. (2.5 cm) distance is reached. Record the count.9.1.1 Repeat 9.1 in two additional locations.9.1.2 For counting wales on a rib knitted fabric, only thevisible wales are counted and recorded for

23、the side of the fabricchosen for counting.NOTE 1A designation of11,22,or33isused to describe aFIG. 1 Wale and Course Orientation in Single Knitted FabricCourtesy of Cotton Incorporated, Cary, NC, Circular Knitting Science Intermediate Workshop Notebook and The Art of Knitting: An Interactive Guide t

24、o the Basics ofKnitting educational CD, .D8007 1512balanced rib knit fabric, that is, one in which the same number of walesper unit length are visible on each side of the fabric.9.2 For counting courses, place a ruler or counting device inthe length fabric direction along a wale column. Position ast

25、ylus or the pointer of a counting device between two coursesas the starting point. Move the stylus or pointer along the waledirection, counting the number of courses until a 1-in. (2.5 cm)distance has been reached.9.2.1 Repeat 9.2 in two additional locations.9.3 If using a digital counting microscop

26、e, follow themanufacturers instructions for counting wales and courses tothe selected distance of measurement.9.4 If counting wales and courses on garments or products,select locations in three different panels of the garment orproduct.9.5 For any measurement device used (ruler, fabric counter,or mi

27、croscope), if there is a difference of two or more wales orcourses between the three locations, count and record wales orcourses in three locations at 3- or 5-in. (7.5 or 25.4 cm) orgreater distances. Counting distances greater than 1 in.(2.5 cm) will produce more precise wale and course counts.9.6

28、For fancy knitted fabrics in which one or more yarns donot appear at regular, short intervals, perform counts over atleast one full pattern repeat of each design component roundingto the nearest whole number wale or course. Record the countsand the distances measured.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate th

29、e average number of wales and courses per1 in. (2.5 cm) separately to the nearest whole number.10.2 In instances in which 3-in. (7.5 cm) or greater distancesare counted, divide the average counts by three, or the distancemeasured, to report a count per 1 in. (2.5 cm).10.3 In the case of counting fan

30、cy knitted fabrics in whichpattern repeats or areas of different components in the designare used, divide the number of wales (or courses) by thedistance counted to achieve a count per 1 in. (2.5 cm) andaverage the respective counts to the nearest whole number.11. Report11.1 Samples were tested as d

31、irected in Test Method D8007.11.2 Report the following information:11.2.1 Each samples identification, lot number, and soforth;11.2.2 Standard conditions or the conditions under whichthe testing was performed;11.2.3 The unit distance across which the wales and courseswere counted if greater than 1 i

32、n. (2.5 cm); and11.2.4 Average number of wales and courses per 1 in. (orunit distance) stating the wale count first. See Eq 1.Knitted fabric count = 36 348 (1)where:36 = Average wale count per inch, wpi, and48 = Average course count, cpi.NOTE 2Knitted fabric manufacturers may use the reverse order,

33、thatis, courses wales, when denoting knitted fabric counts. The fabric countof balanced rib knits are typically reported as wales courses counted perunit distance followed by type of rib, for example, 32 wpi 24 cpi (2 2).12. Precision and Bias12.1 PrecisionThe precision of this test method is basedo

34、n an intralaboratory study of D8007, new Test Method forWale and Course Count of Weft Knit Fabric, conducted in2010. Three operators in a single laboratory tested foursamples: jersey, 2 2 rib, single-pique, and interlock knittedfabrics. Wale and course counts were performed on eachsample. Every “tes

35、t result” represents the average of threeindividual determinations, and all participants were asked toreport two replicate test results for each fabric analyzed. Forthe pique and interlock samples, some wale counts wereperformed at 3-in. (7.6 cm) intervals that indicate greatervariability is likely

36、to occur when counting these fabricconstructions. Insufficient data were available for a full statis-tical analysis on these fabrics. A later study will be performedto provide additional information. Except for testing in only asingle laboratory, Practice E691 was followed for the studydesign and an

37、alysis of the data; the details are given in ASTMResearch Report No. D13-1139.212.1.1 Repeatability Limit (r)Two test results obtainedwithin one laboratory shall be judged not equivalent if theydiffer by more than the r value for that material; r is the intervalrepresenting the critical difference b

38、etween two test results forthe same material obtained by the same operator using thesame equipment on the same day in the same laboratory.12.1.1.1 Repeatability limits are listed in Tables 1 and 2.12.1.2 Reproducibility Limit (R)Two test results shall bejudged not equivalent if they differ by more t

39、han the R value2Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D13-1139. Contact ASTMCustomer Service at serviceastm.org.TABLE 1 Wale CountsMaterial AverageARepeatability StandardDeviationReproducibility StandardDeviationRepeat

40、ability Limit Modified ReproducibilityLimitBxSrSRrRJersey100 % cotton,5.6 oz yd241.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 x 2 rib100 % cotton,5.8 oz yd226.7 0.6 0.9 1.6 2.4AThe average of the operators calculated averages.BBased on the variability of three different operators in a single laboratory.D8007 1513for that m

41、aterial; R is the interval representing the criticaldifference between two test results for the same materialobtained by different operators using different equipment indifferent laboratories.12.1.2.1 As only a single laboratory reported results in thisstudy, comparisons could only be made between t

42、he resultsreported by the three participating operators; therefore, appro-priately modified reproducibility limits are listed in Tables 1and 2.12.1.3 The terms repeatability limit and reproducibilitylimit are used as specified in Practice E177, except as noted.12.1.4 Any judgment in accordance with

43、12.1.1 and 12.1.2would have an approximate 95 % probability of being correct.13. Keywords13.1 course count; knitted fabric; wale countANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. EXAMPLES OF WALE AND COURSE COUNT SEQUENCING BY KNIT FABRIC TYPEA1.1 Single JerseyA1.1.1 See Fig. A1.1 for an example of a single jers

44、ey.A1.2 Interlock Knitted FabricA1.2.1 See Fig. A1.2 for an example of an interlock knittedfabric.A1.3 Rib,22,KnittedA1.3.1 See Fig. A1.3 for an example of a rib,22,knittedfabric.A1.4 Single-Pique Knitted FabricA1.4.1 See Fig. A1.4 for an example of a single-piqueknitted fabric.TABLE 2 Course Counts

45、Material AverageARepeatability StandardDeviationReproducibility StandardDeviationRepeatability Limit Modified ReproducibilityLimitBxSrSRrRJersey100 % cotton,5.6 oz yd265.2 0.4 0.4 1.1 1.12 x 2 rib100 % cotton,5.8 oz yd235.5 0.4 0.6 1.1 1.6AThe average of the operators calculated averages.BBased on t

46、he variability of three different operators in a single laboratory.D8007 1514FIG. A1.1 Single Jersey Knitted FabricFIG. A1.2 Interlock Knitted FabricD8007 1515ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this stand

47、ard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be review

48、ed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible

49、 technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org