ASTM A987-2007 Standard Practice for Measuring Shape Characteristics of Tin Mill Products《锡轧制产品的形状特性测量的标准实施规程》.pdf

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1、Designation: A 987 07Standard Practice forMeasuring Shape Characteristics of Tin Mill Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 987; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A

2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 Shape is a significant quality characteristic for tin millproducts. Plate-shape is affected by mill process factors plusthe temper, t

3、hickness and width of the material supplied. It isthe purpose of this practice to define accurately the differentplate shape characteristics and to describe the practice(s) mostcommonly used to measure particular characteristics.1.2 Quantitative limits are not addressed and should beestablished on a

4、n individual producer and user basis, whereappropriate.1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and to determine the applicability of reg

5、ula-tory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 599/A 599M Specification for Tin Mill Products, Electro-lytic Tin-Coated, Cold-Rolled SheetA 623 Specification for Tin Mill Products, General Require-mentsA 623M Specification for Tin Mill Products, General Re-quirements

6、MetricA 624/A 624M Specification for Tin Mill Products, Electro-lytic Tin Plate, Single ReducedA 625/A 625M Specification for Tin Mill Products, BlackPlate, Single-ReducedA 626/A 626M Specification for Tin Mill Products, Electro-lytic Tin Plate, Double ReducedA 650/A 650M Specification for Tin Mill

7、Products, BlackPlate, Double ReducedA 657/A 657M Specification for Tin Mill Products, BlackPlate Electrolytic Chromium-Coated, Single and DoubleReduced3. Classification3.1 The substrate shall conform to all the requirements ofthe appropriate specifications as follows: Specifications A 623,A 623M, A

8、599/A 599M, A 624/A 624M, A 625/A 625M,A 626/A 626M, A 650/A 650M, and A 657.4. Significance and Use4.1 The definitions and procedures for measuring shapecharacteristics of tin mill products are provided so that pur-chasers and suppliers have common measuring procedures anddefinitions of shape chara

9、cteristics. These procedures providedefinitions and measuring techniques of shape characteristics.The intention of these definitions and measuring practices isnot to provide a dimensional specification for shape character-istics, but rather common procedure(s) for quantifying shapeanomalies.5. Inter

10、ferences5.1 Measurement of shape often has been subjective, at best.Successful measurement of various shape anomalies on quan-titative terms requires recognition of several factors that caninterfere with accurate measurements.5.1.1 Flat surfaces are required. Measurement of severalanomalies require

11、laying of the sample on a flat surface. Amachined flat surface is recommended. Laying a sample on afloor may introduce error due to areas on a floor that are notflat.5.1.2 Several anomalies are measured by hanging the sheet.Hanging by holding the sample with a hand can introduce errorfrom pressures

12、exerted by fingers. A mechanical single deviceclamp to help hold these samples is recommended.5.1.3 Stepblock gauges or tapered gauges should bechecked regularly with a calibrated hand micrometer. Wear ordirt build up could affect accuracy.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A

13、01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.20 on Tin Mill Products.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published December 2007. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as A 987 - 05.2For referenced ASTM standards,

14、visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM Internation

15、al, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.1.4 Computer-based shape measuring instruments must beclean and the sensors must be in good condition. The sheetsample must be damage free.6. Apparatus6.1 Appropriate tools to measure shape anomalies are de-scr

16、ibed along with drawings (attached) as required.6.1.1 Flat Surfaces Accurate measurements of shapeanomalies require a flat surface, machined flat preferred.6.1.2 Machined Stepblock GaugeSee Fig. 1, typically,steps are in116-in. increments.6.1.3 Tapered Gauge See Fig. 2.6.1.4 Standard Ruler or Tape M

17、easure.6.1.5 Hand Micrometer.6.1.6 Shape Test JigFig. 3, or other shape test jigs ofappropriate design.6.1.7 Light-Weight Straight-Edge.6.1.8 Computer-based Shape Measuring Instruments aredesigned for flatness measurements on samples of cold rolledsheet products or tin mill products.7. ProcedureDefi

18、nitions and Measuring Practices of ShapeAnomalies7.1 Wavy Edge (See Fig. 4):7.1.1 DefinitionA series of rolling direction edge devia-tions from a recognized flat surface. When a sample is placedon a recognized flat table, wavy edges will appear as undula-tions along the edge, having the height (A) a

19、nd a measurablecycle (B). This defect can be quantified using the “I” unit (seeSection 8) or steepness calculations.7.1.2 Measuring Practices:7.1.2.1 A sample of approximately 3 ft 0.9 m in length bycoil width is placed on a flat table. Measure the height ( A)atthe peak point of each wave from the r

20、ecognized flat surfacewith a tapered gauge or a stepblock gauge. Also measure thecycle length (B) from peak to peak of each wave with a ruleror tape measure.7.1.2.2 Measure using a computer-based shape measuringinstrument or other instrument of appropriate design.7.2 Ridge Buckle, Quarter Buckle, Ce

21、nter Buckle (see Fig.5):7.2.1 DefinitionThese buckles are continuous deviationsfrom a recognized flat surface occurring usually in narrowwidth areas parallel to the rolling direction other than at thesheet edges.7.2.2 Measuring Practices:7.2.2.1 A sheet sample of approximately 3 ft 0.9 m by coilwidt

22、h is placed on a flat table. Push material diagonally alongthe sample to within 4 in. 10 cm of the selected corner andmeasure the vertical uplift using a tapered gauge or a stepblockgauge.7.2.2.2 Shear through the center line of the shape anomalyand measure as an edge wave using a tapered gauge or a

23、stepblock gauge.7.2.2.3 Measure using a computer-based shape measuringinstrument or other instrument of appropriate design.7.3 Full Center (see Fig. 6):7.3.1 DefinitionAny overall deviation of a sheet from arecognized flat surface occurring over a major portion of thesheet width parallel to the roll

24、ing direction other than at thesheet edges.7.3.2 Measuring Practices:7.3.2.1 A sheet sample of approximately 3 ft 0.9 m by coilwidth is placed on a flat table. Push material diagonally alongthe sample to within 4 in. 10 cm of the selected corner andmeasure the vertical uplift using a tapered gauge o

25、r a stepblockgauge.7.3.2.2 Shear through the center line of the shape anomalyand measure as an edge wave using a tapered gauge or astepblock gauge.7.3.2.3 Measure using a computer-based shape measuringinstrument or other instrument of appropriate design.7.4 Edge Lift (see Fig. 7):7.4.1 DefinitionAny

26、 deviation of one sheet edge otherthan a wavy edge. This edge lift is parallel to the rollingdirection and rises when placed on a recognized flat surface.7.4.2 Measuring Practice A sheet sample of approxi-mately 3 ft 0.9 m by coil width is placed on a flat table. Pushmaterial diagonally along the sh

27、eet to within 4 in. 10 cm ofthe selected edge and measure the vertical distance (A) with atapered gauge, a stepblock gauge, or a standard ruler.7.5 Coil Set and Reverse Coil Set (see Fig. 8):NOTE 1This is a stepblock gauge for all thicknesses and sizes of cut sheets.NOTE 2Dimensions given are approx

28、imate overall dimensions.FIG. 1 Shape Stepblock GaugeA987072NOTE 1This is a tapered gauge for all thicknesses and sizes of cut sheets.FIG. 2 Shape Tapered GaugeNOTE 1To measure line bow (up or down) requires the use of a shape test jig.FIG. 3 Shape Test JigFIG. 4 Wavy EdgeFIG. 5 Ridge Buckle, Quarte

29、r Buckle, Center BuckleA9870737.5.1 DefinitionA bow condition or deviation in the sheetas measured from a recognized flat surface. The deviation runsparallel with the rolling direction and takes the shape of a coil.Reverse coil set reverses the shape of a coil. The degree of coilFIG. 6 Full CenterFI

30、G. 7 Edge LiftFIG. 8 Coil Set and Reverse Coil SetA987074set usually is determined in a vertical, free-hanging positionwhen held against a straight-edge. Use of the shape test jig(Fig. 3) is highly recommended for this measurement.7.5.2 Measuring Practices:7.5.2.1 A sheet sample of approximately 3 f

31、t 0.9 m by coilwidth should be held by a clamp or with the thumb and indexfinger. Hold the sample in the center of the rolling directiondimension. Hold the samples edges against a recognizedstraight edge, and measure the deviation (A) from the edge tothe center of the sample. Use a rule accurate to1

32、16 in. or 1mm.7.5.2.2 Measure the edge rise (A) of the sheet laying on arecognized flat surface.7.6 Twist (see Fig. 9):7.6.1 DefinitionA combination of shape anomalies thatresults in a twisting of the sheet where diagonal corners willbow in opposite directions when the sheet is held in a vertical,fr

33、ee-hanging position.7.6.2 Measuring Practices:7.6.2.1 A sheet sample of approximately 3 ft 0.9 m by coilwidth should be placed on a flat table. Measure the edge lift (A)on one side then turn the sheet over and measure the edge lifton the other side of the sample. Measure using a tapered gaugeor a st

34、epblock gauge.7.6.2.2 A sheet sample of approximately 3 ft 0.9 m by coilwidth should be held by a clamp or with the thumb and indexfinger in the center of the rolling direction dimension. Measurethe amount of the twist by the deviation of one of the cornersfrom a flat surface using a ruler. Flip the

35、 sample 180 andmeasure the deviation from vertical of the other corner, usinga ruler.7.7 Crossbow (see Fig. 10):7.7.1 DefinitionAn edge deviation in the sheet runningperpendicular to the rolling direction. Both rolling directionedges are raised measurable amounts (A) from a recognized flatsurface. T

36、he degree of cross bow usually is determined in avertical, free-hanging position held against a straight edge. Useof the shape test jig (Fig. 3) is highly recommended for thismeasurement.7.7.2 Measuring Practices:7.7.2.1 A sheet sample of approximately 3 ft 0.9 m by coilwidth should be held by a cla

37、mp or with the thumb and theindex finger in the center of sheet dimension that is perpen-dicular to the rolling direction. In case of dispute, a clamp nomore than 2 in. 50.8 mm wide shall be used to hold the testsample. Hold the samples edges against a recognized straightedge, and measure the deviat

38、ion (A) from the straight edge tocenter of the sample. Use a rule accurate to116 in. or 1 mm.7.7.2.2 Measure the edge rise of a sheet lying on a flatsurface.7.8 Camber (see Fig. 11):7.8.1 DefinitionThe greatest deviation of a coil edge froma straight line. The measurement is taken on the concave sid

39、eand is the perpendicular distance from a straight line to thepoint of maximum deviation (A).7.8.2 Measuring Practice:7.8.2.1 A sample of at least 20 ft 6 m is laid next to anaccurate straight edge. The perpendicular distance (A)ismeasured using a ruler accurate to116 in. or 1 mm.7.8.2.2 Alternate P

40、ractice of MeasurementMacroAnalysisCut two 20-ft 6-m consecutive sections frommaster coil. Butt together the sections with similar edges. At a10-ft 3-m distance from the end, measure the distancebetween the two edges. Divide this measurement in half todetermine the actual camber.7.8.2.3 Alternate Pr

41、actice of MeasurementMicroAnalysisObtain consecutive customer sheared sheets equiva-lent to 20 ft 6 m. Using a squaring table with a sliding gaugeset at zero, slide the gauges right to left along one slit edge. Thereading on the extreme left slit edge of Sheet No. 1 will be thebeginning reading on t

42、he extreme right edge of Sheet No. 2.This procedure should be used from consecutive sheet toconsecutive sheet until 20 ft 6 m have been measured. Dividethe final measurement in half to determine the actual camber.7.9 Lateral Weave (see Fig. 12):7.9.1 DefinitionWeave is defined as oscillation of the

43、coilor sheet edge from a straight line. The measurement is taken onthe concave side and is the perpendicular distance from astraight line to the point of maximum deviation ( A).7.9.2 Measuring Practices:7.9.2.1 Macro Analysis A sheet sample of at least 20 ft 6m in length is laid next to an accurate

44、straight edge. Theperpendicular distance (A) is measured using a ruler accurate to116 in. or 1 mm.FIG. 9 TwistA9870757.9.2.2 Micro Analysis Obtain consecutive customersheared sheets equivalent to 20 ft 6 m. Using a squaring tablewith a sliding gauge set at zero, slide to gauges right to leftalong on

45、e slit edge. The reading on the extreme left slit edge ofSheet No. 1 will be the beginning reading on the extreme rightedge of Sheet No. 2. This procedure should be used fromconsecutive sheet to consecutive sheet until 20 ft 6 m havebeen measured. The individual measurements then are plotted,the max

46、imum value being the maximum weave deviation.8. I-Unit Calculation8.1 This calculation assumes that shape irregularities mostclosely conform to sinusoidal wave forms and uses the shapewave length and height for the calculation. An alternateapproach is to use % steepness as a measure of the severity

47、ofshape imperfections (see Fig. 13).9. Precision and Bias9.1 PrecisionPrecision is not specified in these measuringpractices. The procedures are provided so that purchasers andsuppliers have common methodology and definitions of shapecharacteristics.9.2 BiasSince there is no accepted reference mater

48、ialsuitable for determining the bias of the procedures in thispractice, bias has not been determined.FIG. 10 CrossbowFIG. 11 CamberFIG. 12 Lateral WeaveA98707610. Keywords10.1 coated steel sheet; shape characteristics; tin mill prod-ucts; tinplateSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommitteeA01 has identified the loc

49、ation of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (A 987 05)that may impact the use of this standard. (November 1, 2007)(1) Changed this standard from a test method to a standardpractice to be consistent with ASTM definitions. All referencetext in this standard describing a “test method” has beenchanged to a “practice.”(2) All references to a specific manufacturer of computer-based shape measuring instruments have been removed in 5.1.4and 6.1.8. Subcommittee A01.20 has been made aware