BS PD CEN TR 15310-2-2006 Characterization of waste — Sampling of waste materials — nPart 2 Guidance on sampling techniques《废弃物特性 废弃物材料取样 第2部分 采样技术指导》.pdf

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1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD CEN/TR 15310-2:2006 Characterization of waste Sampling of waste materials Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques ICS 13.030.10; 13.030.20 PD CEN/TR 15310-2:2006 This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 29 Decem

2、ber 2006 BSI 2006 ISBN 0 580 49834 4 National foreword This Published Document was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 15310-2:2006. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B/508, Waste management, to Subcommittee B/508/3, Characterization of

3、waste. A list of organizations represented on B/508/3 can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsTEC

4、HNICALREPORT RAPPORTTECHNIQUE TECHNISCHERBERICHT CEN/TR153102 November2006 ICS13.030.10;13.030.20 EnglishVersion CharacterizationofwasteSamplingofwastematerialsPart2: Guidanceonsamplingtechniques CaractrisationdesdchetsPrlvementdesdchets Partie2:Guiderelatifauxtechniquesdchantillonnage Charakterisie

5、rungvonAbfallProbenahmeTeil2: AnwendungvonProbenahmetechniken ThisTechnicalReportwasapprovedbyCENon21February2006.IthasbeendrawnupbytheTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC292. CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France, Germany,Greece,Hungary,Ice

6、land,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal, Romania, Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUnitedKingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUROPENDENORMALISATION EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brussels 200

7、6CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreserved worldwideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.No.CEN/TR153102:2006:E2 Contents Page Foreword. 3 Introduction 4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references . 5 3 Terms and definitions. 5 4 Principle of sampling technique selection. 8 5 Route maps for the selectio

8、n of sampling techniques . 9 6 Sampling of mobile liquid waste . 22 6.1 Sampling from a drum or a cask . 22 6.2 Sampling from a small container or flexible walled container. 25 6.3 Sampling from a vertical uniform tank or irregular tank. 25 6.4 Sampling from a horizontal cylindrical tank 27 6.5 Samp

9、ling a moving liquid within a pipeline . 28 6.6 Sampling from a lagoon or pit . 29 7 Sampling liquids and solids rendered mobile by heat 30 7.1 Sampling from a container. 30 7.2 Sampling from a pipeline . 31 8 Sampling viscous liquids. 31 9 Sampling sludges . 31 9.1 Sampling from a drum or cask 31 9

10、.2 Sampling from a small container (less than 20 l capacity). 31 9.3 Sampling from a vertical uniform tank . 32 9.4 Sampling from a horizontal cylindrical tank 32 9.5 Sampling from a pipeline . 32 9.6 Sampling from a large container, pit or lagoon . 32 10 Sampling paste-like substances . 33 10.1 Sam

11、pling static material from drum or block up to 500 kg 33 10.2 Taking samples in motion 34 11 Sampling powders, granules and small crystals. 35 11.1 Sampling small static volumes from hoppers, heaps and silos 35 11.2 Sampling large static volumes from hoppers, heaps and silos. 35 11.3 Sampling from a

12、 falling stream . 36 11.4 Sampling from a band conveyor . 37 11.5 Sampling from a screw conveyor 38 12 Sampling coarse or lumpy solid materials. 39 12.1 Sampling small volumes from a bag, keg or drum 39 12.2 Sampling large volumes from hoppers or silos 40 12.3 Sampling a large stockpile. 40 12.4 Sam

13、pling coarse or lumpy materials in motion. 41 12.5 Sampling a small amount from a massive piece . 41 12.6 Sampling from a pile of large pieces 41 12.7 Sampling large pieces in motion. 42 12.8 Incorporation in the Sampling Plan 42 Annex A (informative) Support on the selection of equipment and appara

14、tus 43 A.1 General. 43 A.2 Common issues for all sampling equipment and apparatus 43 Bibliography . 64 CEN/TR 15310-2:20063 Foreword This Technical Report (CEN/TR 15310-2:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 292 “Characterization of waste”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. T

15、his Technical Report has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. This Technical Report is one of a series of five, dealing with sampling techniques and procedures, which provide essential information for the application of the EN

16、-standard: EN 14899, Characterisation of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Framework for the preparation and application of a Sampling Plan. The principal component of the EN Standard is the mandatory requirement to prepare a Sampling Plan. This EN 14899 standard can be used to: produce standard

17、ised sampling plans for use in regular or routine circumstances (i.e. the elaboration of daughter/derived standards dedicated to well defined sampling scenarios); incorporate specific sampling requirements into national legislation; design and develop a Sampling Plan on a case by case basis. The Tec

18、hnical Reports display a range of potential approaches and tools to enable the project manager to tailor his sampling plan to a specific testing scenario (i.e. a shop shelf approach to sampling plan development for waste testing). This approach allows flexibility in the selection of the sampling app

19、roach, sampling point, method of sampling and equipment used. This Technical Report describes a range of techniques that could be used to sample a range of waste types from a variety of locations and arisings. Information is also provided on the selection and preparation of equipment and apparatus n

20、eeded to complete the sampling exercise. This report does not attempt to provide a definitive procedure for each and every situation that may arise from sampling a given waste type or specific analytical requirement, rather it aims to expose the factors that influence the selection of these practica

21、l field activities to ensure the most appropriate procedure is selected for any given sampling scenario. The most appropriate approach, tools, and methodology, in the absence of an existing recognised Sampling Plan should be chosen on a scenario-specific basis. However, this does not present a barri

22、er to technical innovation, and there is no reason why methodologies other than those detailed in this Technical Report cannot be substituted. CEN/TR 15310-2:20064 Introduction Wastes are materials, which the holder discards, or intends or is required to discard, and which may be sent for final disp

23、osal, reuse or recovery. Such materials are generally heterogeneous and it will be necessary therefore to specify in the testing programme the amount of material for which the characteristics of interest need to be defined. The testing of wastes allows informed decisions to be made on how they shoul

24、d be treated (or not), recovered or disposed. In order to undertake valid tests, some sampling of the waste is required. The principal component of the standard EN 14899 is the mandatory requirement to prepare a Sampling Plan, within the framework of an overall testing programme as illustrated in Fi

25、gure 1 of EN 14899:2005. This standard can be used to: produce standardised sampling plans for use in regular or routine circumstances (i.e. the elaboration of daughter/derived standards dedicated to well defined sampling scenarios); incorporate specific sampling requirements into national legislati

26、on; design and develop a Sampling Plan on a case by case basis. The development of a Sampling Plan within this framework involves the progression through three steps or activities. 1) Define the Sampling Plan 2) Take a field sample in accordance with the Sampling Plan 3) Transport the laboratory sam

27、ple to the laboratory This Technical Report provides information to support Key Step 2 of the Sampling Plan process map and describes a selection of sampling techniques that can be used in the recovery of a sample for a wide variety of waste types and arisings. The sampling technique is the physical

28、 procedure employed by the sampler to collect part or parts of a discarded or secondary material for subsequent investigations. Specifically this Technical Report provides information to support 4.2.8.1 (Identify the sampling technique) of the Framework Standard. This Technical Report should be read

29、 in conjunction with the Framework Standard for the preparation and application of a Sampling Plan as well as the other Technical Reports that contain essential information to support the Framework Standard. The full series comprises: EN 14899, Characterization of waste - Sampling of waste materials

30、 - Framework for the preparation and application of a Sampling Plan; CEN/TR 15310-1, Characterization of waste Sampling of waste materials Part 1: Guidance on selection and application of criteria for sampling under various conditions; CEN/TR 15310-2, Characterization of waste Sampling of waste mate

31、rials Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques; CEN/TR 15310-3, Characterization of waste Sampling of waste materials Part 3: Guidance on procedures for sub-sampling in the field; CEN/TR 15310-4, Characterization of waste Sampling of waste materials Part 4: Guidance on procedures for sample packaging

32、, storage, preservation, transport and delivery; CEN/TR 15310-5, Characterization of waste Sampling of waste materials Part 5: Guidance on the process of defining the Sampling Plan. The Technical Reports contain procedural options (as detailed in Figure 2 of EN 14899:2005) that can be selected to ma

33、tch the sampling requirements of any testing programme. CEN/TR 15310-2:20065 1 Scope This Technical Report describes techniques for sampling liquid and granular waste material, including paste-like materials and sludges, found in a variety of locations. The Technical Report provides information to a

34、llow the selection and preparation of equipment and apparatus to be used in the sampling activity. NOTE 1 This Technical Report provides a shop shelf of example sampling techniques that can be selected to meet a wide range of sampling situations. For a specific situation one of the presented procedu

35、res may be appropriate. NOTE 2 The procedures listed in this Technical Report reflect current best practice, but these are not exhaustive and other procedures may be equally relevant. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. Fo

36、r dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 13965-1:2004, Characterization of waste - Terminology - Part 1: Material related terms and definitions EN 13965-2:2004, Characterization of

37、 waste - Terminology - Part 2: Management related terms and definitions 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this Technical Report, the terms and definitions given in EN 13965-1:2004 and EN 13965-2:2004 and the following apply. 3.1 bottom sediment solid layer of material on the bottom of liqu

38、id storage tanks 3.2 characteristic property, which helps to identify or differentiate between items of a given population ISO 3534-1 NOTE The characteristic may be either quantitative (by variables) or qualitative (by attributes). 3.3 composite sample two or more increments/sub-samples mixed togeth

39、er in appropriate proportions, either discretely or continuously (blended composite sample), from which the average value of a desired characteristic may be obtained ISO 11074 3.4 column sample type of sample, more specifically related to the sampling of liquids where column samplers are used NOTE A

40、 column of material is of equal length to the depth of the sub-population at that sampling point. CEN/TR 15310-2:20066 3.5 core sample type of sample, more specifically related to the sampling of solids where augers and other core samplers are used NOTE A vertical or direction sample is taken throug

41、h the material whereby the integrity of the sub- population is maintained. 3.6 directional sample geometric sample, usually in only one dimension, which is related to the single principal axis of variability of material in the sampling unit/lot 3.7 laboratory sample sample sent to or received by the

42、 laboratory (IUPAC) 3.8 geometric sample type of sample of specific shape, whose dimensions are related to the axes of variability of material in a sampling unit/lot 3.9 heterogeneity degree to which a property or a constituent is not uniformly distributed throughout a quantity of material NOTE 1 A

43、material may be homogeneous with respect to one analyte or property but heterogeneous with respect to another. NOTE 2 The degree of heterogeneity (the inverse of homogeneity) is the determining factor in sampling error. 3.10 homogeneity degree to which a property or a constituent is uniformly distri

44、buted throughout a quantity of material. ISO 11074 3.11 increment individual portion of material collected by a single operation of a sampling device NOTE 1 Increments may be reduced and tested individually or combined with other increments, with the resulting composite reduced in size and tested as

45、 a single unit. NOTE 2 Increments are created by the sampling operation and are usually taken from parts of a lot separated in time or space. 3.12 judgemental sampling sampling undertaken from a practically convenient (perhaps relatively small) sub-population, not conducted fully in accordance with

46、the statistical principles of sampling 3.13 laboratory sample sample(s) or sub-sample(s) sent to or received by the laboratory NOTE 1 When the laboratory sample is further prepared (reduced) by subdividing, mixing, grinding, or by combinations of these operations, the result is the test sample. When

47、 no preparation of the laboratory sample is required, the laboratory sample is the test sample. CEN/TR 15310-2:20067 NOTE 2 The laboratory sample is the final sample from the point of view of sample collection but it is the initial sample from the point of view of the laboratory. NOTE 3 Several labo

48、ratory samples may be prepared and sent to different laboratories or to the same laboratory for different purposes. When sent to the same laboratory, the set is generally considered as a single laboratory sample and is documented as a single sample. 3.14 population totality of items under consideration ISO 3534-1 3.15 probabilistic sampling sampling conducted according to the statistical principles of sampling 3.16 representative sample resulting from a sampling plan that can be expected to reflect adequately the properties of interest in the parent population ISO 11074 3.17 s