ASTM D388-2018a Standard Classification of Coals by Rank.pdf

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1、Designation: D388 18aStandard Classification ofCoals by Rank1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D388; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the

2、 year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard covers the classification of coals by rank,that is, according to their degree of metamorphism, or progres-sive alteration, in the natural series from lignit

3、e to anthracite.1.2 This classification is applicable to coals that are com-posed mainly of vitrinite.NOTE 1Coals rich in inertinite or liptinite (exinite), or both, cannot beproperly classified because, in those macerals, the properties that deter-mine rank (calorific value, volatile matter, and ag

4、glomerating character)differ greatly from those of vitrinite in the same coal. Often such coals canbe recognized by megascopic examination. In North America, these coalsare mostly nonbanded varieties that contain only a small proportion ofvitrain and consist mainly of attrital materials. The degree

5、of metamor-phism of nonbanded and other vitrinite-poor coals can be estimated bydetermining the classification properties of isolated or concentratedvitrinite fractions, or by determining the reflectance of the vitrinite (seeTest Method D2798 and Appendix X1 of this classification). However, inthe u

6、se of these vitrinite-poor coals, some properties normally associatedwith rank, such as rheology, combustibility, hardness, and grindability (aswell as the rank determining properties) may differ substantially fromthose of vitrinite-rich coals of the same degree of metamorphism.The precision of the

7、classification of impure coal may beimpaired by the effect of large amounts of mineral matter onthe determination of volatile matter and calorific value, and ontheir calculation to the mineral-matter-free basis.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measur

8、ement are included in thisstandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3.1 ExceptionThe values stated in British thermal unitsper pound (Btu/lb) are to be regarded as the standard. The SIequivalents of Btu/lb are provided for information only and arenot considered standard.1.4

9、 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.

10、5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to T

11、rade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D121 Terminology of Coal and CokeD720/D720M Test Method for Free-Swelling Index of CoalD1412/D1412M Test Method for Equilibrium Moisture ofCoal at 96 to 97 Percent Relative Humidity and 30 CD2013/D2013M Practice for Preparing Coal Sampl

12、es forAnalysisD2234/D2234M Practice for Collection of a Gross Sampleof CoalD2798 Test Method for Microscopical Determination of theVitrinite Reflectance of CoalD3172 Practice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and CokeD3173/D3173M Test Method for Moisture in the AnalysisSample of Coal and CokeD3174 Test

13、 Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coaland Coke from CoalD3175 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the AnalysisSample of Coal and CokeD3302/D3302M Test Method for Total Moisture in CoalD4239 Test Method for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample ofCoal and Coke Using High-Temperature Tube FurnaceCombus

14、tionD4596 Practice for Collection of Channel Samples of Coalin a MineD5016 Test Method for Total Sulfur in Coal and CokeCombustion Residues Using a High-Temperature TubeFurnace Combustion Method with Infrared AbsorptionD5192 Practice for Collection of Coal Samples from CoreD5865 Test Method for Gros

15、s Calorific Value of Coal andCoke1This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coaland Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.18 on Classificationof Coals.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published November 2018. Originallyapproved in 1934. Last pre

16、vious edition approved in 2018 as D388 18. DOI:10.1520/D0388-18A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM webs

17、ite.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of I

18、nternational Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For additional definitions of terms used in thisclassification, refer to Terminology D121.3.1.2 agglomerating, adjas applied to c

19、oal, the propertyof softening when heated to above about 400 C in a nonoxi-dizing atmosphere and appearing as a coherent mass whencooled to room temperature.3.1.3 apparent rank, nof a coal seam, the estimated rankdesignation obtained using samples other than face channelsamples or core samples with

20、100 % recovery of the seam, butotherwise conforming to procedures of Classification D388.3.1.4 coal seam, nthe stratum, layer, or bed of coal(containing less than a 50 % mass fraction of ash on the drybasis) that lies between two other rock layers whose compo-sitions differ significantly from that o

21、f coal.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 Where it is desired to abbreviate the designation of theranks of coal, the following abbreviations shall be used:mameta-anthraciteananthracitesasemianthracitelvblow volatile bituminousmvbmedium volatile bituminoushvAbhigh volatile A bituminoushvBbhigh volatile B bitumi

22、noushvCbhigh volatile C bituminoussubAsubbituminous AsubBsubbituminous BsubCsubbituminous CligAlignite AligBlignite B3.3 Symbols:3.3.1 Descriptive Symbols (symbols used for describingquantities, all in lowercase, roman)ddry basisffree basis (for example, mineral-matter-free and sulfur-trioxide-free)

23、iminherent moisture basis3.3.2 Simple Quantity Symbols (calculated quantities withunits, all in upper case, italicized)Aash, %FCfixed carbon, %FSIfree swelling indexGCVgross calorific value, Btu/lbIMinherent moisture, %MMmineral matter, %Stotal sulfur, %SO3:Asulfur trioxide in the ash, %SO3:Csulfur

24、trioxide in the ash, expressed as a percentage ofthe coal, %VMvolatile matter, %3.3.3 Complex Quantity Symbols (simple quantity symbolswith roman subscripts)Adash, dry basis (possibly sulfate-bearing), %Aimash, inherent-moisture basis, %Aim,SO3fash, inherent-moisture basis, sulfur-trioxide-freebasis

25、, %FCdfixed carbon, dry basis, %FCd,MMffixed carbon, dry basis, mineral-matter-free basis, %FCimfixed carbon, inherent-moisture basis, %FCim,SO3ffixed carbon, inherent-moisture basis, sulfur-trioxide-free basis, %GCVdgross calorific value, dry basis, Btu/lbGCVimgross calorific value, inherent-moistu

26、re basis, Btu/lbGCVim,MMfgross calorific value, inherent-moisture basis,mineral-matter-free basis, Btu/lbMMd,SO3fmineral matter, dry basis, sulfur-trioxide-free basis,%MMim,SO3fmineral matter, inherent-moisture basis, sulfur-trioxide-free basis, %Sdtotal sulfur, dry basis, %Simtotal sulfur, inherent

27、-moisture basis, %SO3: Adsulfur trioxide in the ash, dry basis, %SO3:Cimsulfur trioxide in the ash, expressed as a percentageof the coal, inherent moisture basis, %VMdvolatile matter, dry basis, %VMd,MMfvolatile matter, dry basis, mineral-matter-free basis,%VMimvolatile matter, inherent moisture bas

28、is, %4. Significance and Use4.1 This classification establishes categories of coal basedon gradational properties that depend principally on the degreeof metamorphism to which the coal was subjected whileburied. These categories indicate ranges of physical andchemical characteristics that are useful

29、 in making broadestimates of the behavior of coal in mining, preparation, anduse.5. Basis of Classification5.1 Classification is according to fixed carbon and grosscalorific value (expressed in British thermal units per pound,Btu/lb) calculated to the mineral-matter-free basis. The higher-rank coals

30、 are classified according to fixed carbon on the drybasis; the lower-rank coals are classified according to grosscalorific value on the moist basis. Agglomerating character isused to differentiate between certain adjacent groups.6. Classification by Rank6.1 Fixed Carbon and Gross Calorific ValueCoal

31、s shall beclassified by rank in accordance with Table 1. Classify coalshaving gross calorific values of 14 000 Btu/lb or more on theinherent-moisture, mineral-matter-free basis, and coals havingfixed carbon of 69 % or more on the dry, mineral-matter-freebasis, according to fixed carbon on the dry, m

32、ineral-matter-freebasis. Classify coals having gross calorific values less than14 000 Btu/lb on the inherent-moisture, mineral-matter-freebasis according to gross calorific value on the inherent-moisture, mineral-matter-free basis, provided the fixed carbonon the dry, mineral-matter-free basis is le

33、ss than 69 %.6.2 Agglomerating CharacterClassify coals having 86 %or more fixed carbon on the dry, mineral-matter-free basis, ifagglomerating, in the low volatile group of the bituminousclass. Classify coals having gross calorific values in the rangefrom 10 500 Btu/lb to 11 500 Btu/lb on the inheren

34、t-moisture,mineral-matter-free basis according to their agglomeratingcharacter (Table 1).D388 18a26.3 Supplemental InformationAcorrelation of the rankingproperty, volatile matter (100fixed carbon), with the mean-maximum reflectance of the vitrinite group macerals in coalstested in one laboratory ove

35、r a period of several years is shownin Appendix X1.7. Sampling7.1 SamplesClassify a coal seam, or part of a coal seam,in any locality based on the average analysis and gross calorificvalue (and agglomerating character where required) of not lessthan three and preferably five or more whole seam sampl

36、es,either face channels or cores, taken in different and uniformlydistributed localities, either within the same mine or closelyadjacent mines representing a continuous and compact area notgreater than approximately 10 km2(4 square miles) in regionsof geological uniformity. In regions in which condi

37、tionsindicate that the coal probably varies rapidly in short distances,the spacing of sampling points and grouping of analyses toprovide average values shall not be such that coals of obviouslydifferent rank will be used in calculating average values.7.1.1 Take channel samples by excluding mineral p

38、artingsmore than 1 cm (38 in.) and lenses or concretions (such assulfur balls) more than 1.25 cm (12 in.) thick and 5 cm (2 in.)wide, as specified in Practice D4596.7.1.2 A drill core sample may be used provided it wascollected as specified in Practice D5192 and meets the follow-ing provisions: core

39、 recovery is 100 % of the seam, the majormineral partings and concretions are excluded as specified in7.1.1, and drilling mud is removed from the core (see also7.1.6).7.1.3 Place all samples in metal or plastic cans with airtightlids, or heavy vapor impervious bags, properly sealed topreserve inhere

40、nt moisture.7.1.4 Analyses of samples from outcrops or from weatheredor oxidized coal shall not be used for classification by rank.7.1.5 In case the coal is likely to be classified on the moistbasis, that is, inclusive of its natural complement of inherentmoisture, take samples in a manner most like

41、ly to preserveinherent moisture for purposes of analysis. Because some ofthe moisture in a freshly collected sample condenses on theinside of the sample container, weigh both the container andthe coal before and after air drying, and report the total loss inmass as air-drying loss.TABLE 1 Classifica

42、tion of Coals by RankAClass/GroupFCd,MMfLimits, % VMd,MMfLimits, %GCVim,MMfLimitsBAgglomeratingCharacterBtu/lb MJ/kgCEqual orGreaterThanLessThanGreaterThanEqual orLess ThanEqual orGreaterThanLess ThanEqual orGreaterThanLess ThanAnthracitic:Meta-anthracite 98 . . 2 . . . .JAnthracite 92 98 2 8 . . .

43、. . . . . . . . . non-agglomeratingSemianthraciteD86 92 8 14 . . . .Bituminous:Low volatile bituminous coal 78 86 14 22 . . . . . . . . . . . .6commonlyagglomeratingEMedium volatile bituminouscoal69 78 22 31 . . . .High volatile A bituminouscoal. . . 69 31 . . . 14 000F. . . 32.557 . . .High volatil

44、e B bituminouscoal. . . . 13000F14 000 30.232 32.557High volatile C bituminouscoal. . . .H11 500 13 000 26.743 30.23210 500 11 500 24.418 26.743 agglomeratingSubbituminous:Subbituminous A coal . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 500 11 500 24.418 26.7436Subbituminous B coal . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 500 10 5

45、00 22.09 24.418Subbituminous C coal . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 300 9 500 19.30 22.09non-agglomeratingLignitic:Lignite A . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 300 8 300 14.65 19.30Lignite B . . . . . 6300 . 14.65AThis classification does not apply to certain coals, as discussed in Section 1.BRefers to coal contai

46、ning its natural inherent moisture but not including visible water on the surface of the coal.CMegajoules per kilogram. To convert British thermal units per pound to megajoules per kilogram, multiply by 0.0023255.DIf agglomerating, classify in low volatile group of the bituminous class.EIt is recogn

47、ized that there may be nonagglomerating varieties in these groups of the bituminous class, and that there are notable exceptions in the high volatile Cbituminous group.FCoals having 69 % or more fixed carbon on the dry, mineral-matter-free basis shall be classified according to fixed carbon, regardl

48、ess of gross calorific value.D388 18a37.1.6 It is often difficult to obtain samples without includingvisible surface moisture, such as in typical coring situationswhere injected water or drilling mud is used or when the coalseam is an aquifer. When the as-received basis moisture insamples is questio

49、nable in terms of representing inherentmoisture, and the coal is likely to be classified on the moistbasis, the sampler shall include the following statement in thedescription: Moisture questionable. Samples so marked shallnot be used for classification on a moist basis unless brought toa standard condition of moisture equilibrium as specified inTest Method D1412/D1412M. Analyses of such samples thathave been treated in this manner shall be designated as samplesequilibrated per Test Method D1412/D1412M.7.1.7 Equilibrium mo