[考研类试卷]英语翻译基础（英汉互译）模拟试卷3及答案与解析.doc

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1、英语翻译基础（英汉互译）模拟试卷 3 及答案与解析英译汉1 A good book is often the best urn of a life enshrining the best that life could think out; for the world of a man s life is, for the most part, but the world of his thoughts. Thus the best books are treasuries of good words, the golden thoughts, which, remembered and ch

2、erished, become our constant companions and comforters. “ They are never alone, “ said Sir Philip Sidney, “ that are accompanied by noble thoughts.The good and true thought may in times of temptation be as an angel of mercy purifying and guarding the soul. It also enshrines the germs of action, for

3、good words almost always inspire to good works.Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their

4、 author s minds, ages ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time has been to sift out the bad products; for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good.Books introduce us into the best society; they brin

5、g us into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived. We hear what they said and did; we see them as if they were really alive; we sympathize with them, enjoy with them, grieve with them; their experience becomes ours, and we feel as if we were in a measure actors with them in the scene

6、s which they describe.The great and good do not die even in this world. Embalmed in books, their spirits walk a-broad. The book is a living voice. It is an intellect to which one still listens. Hence we ever remain under the influence of the great men of old.2 In the United States, and here in Asia,

7、 intellectual property accounts for a significant and growing segment of commercial trade. But the same technologies that have spurred rapid growth in the legitimate economy have also allowed criminals to misappropriate the creativity of our innovators and entrepreneursand to operate global enterpri

8、ses that survive by executing IP schemes. In fact, for every technological and commercial quantum leap we have made, criminalsand often entire international criminal syndicateshave kept pace. They have developed sophisticated methods for committing every imaginable type of intellectual property offe

9、nse. They aren t just selling counterfeit clothing or electronics. They re selling defective and dangerous imitations of critical components , like brake pads, or everyday consumer goods, like toothpaste. They re conducting corporate espionage. They re pirating music, movies, games, software, and ot

10、her copyrighted worksboth on our cities streets and online. And the consequences are devastating. The global software industry is a prime example. According to recent industry reports, it is now estimated that, worldwide, more than 40 percent of all software installed on personal computers is obtain

11、ed illegallywith forgone revenues to the software industry topping $ 50 billion. These are funds that could have been invested in new jobs and next-generation technologies. And software piracy affects more than just the software industrysince, for every Si of PC software sold, it s estimated that mo

12、re than $ 3 of revenues are lost to local IT support and distribution services. Other IP and support industries are seeing the same ripple effect of lossesand current trends are alarming. Perhaps most concerning of all, however, is the widespread growth we ve seen in the international sale of counte

13、rfeit pharmaceuticals, which can put the stability of corporationsand, more importantly, the health of consumersat serious risk.3 Divorce: Balance of PowerIt makes no sense to say that a good marriage requires parity, as most marriages in the world and throughout history have been based on entirely

14、different principles. You might even conclude from America s unusually high divorce rate that the expectation of equality and personal fulfillment is itself a more problematic prescription than that of honor and obedience.Or perhaps the problem lies not in equality, but in the ambivalence that inevi

15、tably surrounds atitanic cultural shift only decades old. Many women today still sign up for marriages in which the man, to some extent, dominates. Traditionally those marriages have ended when the stronger party tires of the dependent. When Harriet Newman Cohen began practicing matrimonial law thre

16、e decades ago, her clients were mostly women whose breadwinners had walked out. But she and others have observed that today, it is as often the weaker party who calls it quits, tired of a role that is no longer culturally sanctioned. And, once equitable distribution lawswhich forced the higher-earni

17、ng spouse to share the wealth equitablywere passed in the 80 s, there was no longer any financial penalty for divorce.Today, almost as many women as men file for divorce. Infidelity, in addition, is no longer a primarily male province. One divorced investment banker discovered that, within his circl

18、e of male friends, it was their wives who cheated, not they. “ In the culture of my firm, having affairs is just bad behavior, like drunk drivingsomething that could harm your reputation,“ he says. Female infidelity, on the other hand, he says, reads differently. “ They re finding themselves, explor

19、ing their sexuality,“ he observed bitterly. “ She was fragile and neurotic and I was the white knight. I made her feel taken care of and she made me feel strongright up until the day she left.4 A Crime Wave Festers in CyberspaceThe number of successful, and verifiable worldwide hacker incidents this

20、 month is likely to surpass 20, 000above the previous monthly record of 16, 000 in October, as counted by mi2g, a London-based computer security firm. Others have also offered dire estimates, although the dollar amounts are difficult to verify or compare because the definitions of loss vary so broad

21、ly. Part of the challenge in quantifying the problem is that businesses are often reluctant to report and publicly discuss electronic theft for fear of attracting other cyber attacks, or at the least, undermining the confidence of their customers, suppliers and investors or inviting the ridicule of

22、their competitors. In one survey of 500 computer security practitioners conducted last year by the FBI and the Computer Security Institute, a trade group, 80 percent of those surveyed acknowledged financial losses resulting from computer breaches. The computer professionals took part in this survey

23、on the condition they and their organizations would not be identified. Among the 223 respondents who quantified the damage , the average loss was $ 2 million. Those who had suffered losses of proprietary company information said each incident had cost an average of $ 6. 5 million, while financial fr

24、aud averaged $ 4. 6 million an incident.5 Colleges and accrediting agencies dodged a bullet this summer as Congress, enacting legislation to renew the Higher Education Act, shielded higher education from the U. S. Education Department s efforts to step up federal regulation of how accreditors and co

25、lleges ensure that students are learning. The legislation barred the Education Department from issuing regulations to affect accreditors standards on student learning outcome.But Lamar Alexander warned in June, college leaders shouldn t let themselves think that the shooting has stopped. Congress wi

26、ll next renew the Higher Education Act in five years, David Geary told a group of college and accrediting officials this summer, and in “ the absence of good answers “ between now and then about how higher education can prove its effectiveness, increased federal intervention is sure to follow.To try

27、 to start that conversation quickly, the Council for Higher Education Accreditation on Monday held the first of what will be a series of national forums about the future of higher education self-regulation. Numerous critics from outside higher education have expressed doubt that the higher education

28、 industry, through the peer-review-based system of accreditation, can effectively regulate its own quality and effectiveness, given that accrediting agencies are governed by the institutions being scrutinized.But Monday s discussion was designed, CHEA officials said, not to beat that drum but to bra

29、instorm about what higher education officials must do to ensure that self-regulation survives. “ We need to marshal ammunition we could use to defend the system of self-regulation,“ said A. Lee Fritschler, a professor of public policy at George Mason University and former college president and U. S.

30、 assistant secretary for postsecondary education.“ I feel like I am singing to the choir in this room,“ Molly C. Broad, president of the American Council on Education, said at the start of remarks in which she, like virtually all the speakers, made clear a preference to limit further federal incursi

31、on into higher education quality control.6 The French share Americans distaste for restrictions on patient choice and they insist on autonomous private practitioners rather than a British-style national health service, which the French dismiss as “ socialized medicine. “ Virtually all physicians in

32、French participate in the nation s public health insurance, Securite sociale.Their freedoms of diagnosis and therapy are protected in ways that would make their managed-care-controlled US counterparts envious. However, the average American physician earns more than five times the average US wage whi

33、le the average French physician makes only about two times the average earnings of his or her compatriots. But the lower income of French physicians is allayed by two factors. Practice liability is greatly diminished by a tort-averse legal system, and medical schools, although extremely competitive

34、to enter, are tuition-free. Thus, French physicians enter their careers with little if any debt and pay much lower malpractice insurance premiums.Nor do France s doctors face the high nonmedical personnel payroll expenses that burden A-merican physicians. Securite sociale has created a standardized

35、and speedy system for physician billing and patient reimbursement using electronic funds.It s not uncommon to visit a French medical office and see no nonmedical personnel. What a concept. No back office army of billing specialists who do daily battle with insurers arcane and constantly changing rul

36、es of payment.National health insurance in France stands upon two grand historical bargains-the first with doctors and a second with insurers. Doctors only agreed to participate in compulsory health insurance if the law protected a patient s choice of practitioner and guaranteed physicians control o

37、ver medical decision-making. French legislators also overcome insurance industry resistance by permitting the nation s already existing insurers to administer its new healthcare funds. Private health insurers are also central to the system as supplemental insurers who cover patient expenses that are

38、 not paid for by Securite sociale.In fact, in France the sicker you are, the more coverage, care, and treatment you get. Like all healthcare systems, the French confront ongoing problems. Today French reformers number one priority is to move health insurance financing away from payroll and wage levi

39、es because they hamper employers willingness to hire. Instead, France is turning toward broad taxes on earned and unearned income alike to pay for healthcare.7 It s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down th

40、e house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies r

41、esponded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, a-mong other things, that you might surprised! fall off. The label on a child s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly.

42、While warnings are often appropriate and necessary the dangers of drug interactions, for example and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies l

43、ose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Sch

44、utt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “ We re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets arent designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,“ says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of

45、the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete s injury.At the same time, the American Law Institutea group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers

46、or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “ Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities, “ says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually

47、be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.8 The balance of nature is a very elaborate and very delicate system of checks and counterchecks. It is continually being altered as climates change, as new organisms evolve, as animals or plants permeate to new a

48、reas. But the alterations have in the past, for the most part, been slow, whereas with the arrival of civilized man, their speed has been multiplied manifold: from the evolutionary time-scale, where change is measured by periods of ten or a hundred thousand years, they have been transferred to the h

49、uman time-scale in which centuries and even decades count.Everywhere man is altering the balance of nature. He is facilitating the spread of plants and animals into new regions, sometimes deliberately, sometimes unconsciously. He is covering huge areas with new kinds of plants, or with houses, factories, slag-heaps and other products of his civilization. He exterminates some species on a large scale, but favours the multiplication of others. In brief, he has done more in five thousand years to alter the biological aspect of the planet tha