BS F 140-1991 Glossary of parachute terms《降落伞术语词汇》.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARD AEROSPACE SERIES CONFIRMED SEPTEMBER1998 BSF140:1991 Glossary of Parachute termsBSF140:1991 This BritishStandard, having been prepared under the directionof the Aerospace Standards Policy Committee, waspublished under the authorityof the Standards Boardand comes into effect on 28Jun

2、e1991 BSI02-2000 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference ACE/54 Draft for comment90/70474 DC ISBN 0 580 19123 0 Committees responsible for this BritishStandard The preparation of this BritishStandard was entrusted by the Aerospace Standards Policy Commit

3、tee (ACE/-) to Technical Committee ACE/54, upon which the following bodies were represented: British Fabric Association British Rubber Manufacturers Association British Textile Employers Association Man-made Fibres Producers Committee Ministry of Defence Society of British Aerospace Companies Limite

4、d Society of Dyers and Colourists Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBSF140:1991 BSI 02-2000 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii Section 1. Parachute assembly 1 Section 2. Parachute systems 1 Section 3. Canopy types 3 Section 4. Parachute syst

5、em components 4 Section 5. Parachute construction 6 Section 6. Performance 8 Section 7. Miscellaneous 11 Index 14 Figure 1 Double W stitching (517) 12 Figure 2 Examples of stopper knots (712) 13BSF140:1991 ii BSI 02-2000 Foreword This BritishStandard has been prepared under the direction of the Aero

6、space Standards Policy Committee and is one of a series for aerospace purposes. Itreplaces and revises BS185:Section 12, as BS185:Sections 1 to 18 have been declared obsolescent/obsolete. This BritishStandard glossary defines a parachute assembly, and terms relating to parachute systems, types, comp

7、onents, construction and performance. It also gives commonly used acronyms. This glossary covers topics that are the responsibility of the Aerospace Standards Policy Committee relating to parachutes and incorporates revised definitions of many terms so as to reflect current usage and introduces new

8、terms including those relating to ram air parachutes. This glossary is intended as a basic reference document providing a comprehensive list of terms that will promote better understanding between various sections of the aerospace industry, and recreational agencies, facilitate trade and provide bet

9、ter tools for improved handling of information. Many of the definitions in this glossary are essentially the same as those used in different BritishStandards already published, and as these are revised and new standards are produced, the use of the definitions given in this glossary will be encourag

10、ed to promote wider acceptance and recognition of standard terminology. Definitions given in this glossary are intended for general use whereas definitions in other standards are intended to clarify the meaning of terms in that particular standard. Legal definitions in a particular statute are for t

11、he purposes of that statute and may be different from the definitions in this glossary. Terms are listed alphabetically in the index and are referred to by numbers which are found against the term in the body of the standard. Alternative terms are given in medium type below the preferred terms with

12、their status indicated, i.e.non-preferred. These terms are not individually numbered, but are included in the index with a reference to the preferred term. Terms of more than one word, e.g.“emergency parachute”, are written in a direct style, not as “parachute, emergency”. The inverted term is inclu

13、ded in the index with a reference to the direct term. Italicized words in definitions indicate terms that are defined elsewhere in this standard. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct ap

14、plication. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pagesi andii, pages1 to16 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had ame

15、ndments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover.BSF140:1991 BSI 02-2000 1 No. Term Definition Section 1. Parachute assembly 101 parachute Aerodynamic device manufactured from textile materials to produce drag and possibly lift. 102 pack Outer container i

16、nto which the parachute components are stowed preparatory to use. 103 canopy Fabric portion of a parachute which provides drag, or drag and lift, when inflated. 104 rigging line Any cord or tape attached to the canopy which transmits the forces on the parachute canopy to the suspended load directly

17、or via lift webs or strops. Section 2. Parachute systems 201 aeroplane parachute Parachute intended to recover the complete aircraft and passengers in an emergency. Usually applicable only to very lightweight aircraft. 202 airborne forces parachute Personnel parachute to deliver a soldier and his eq

18、uipment to the ground from an aircraft in flight. 203 anti-spin parachute Parachute attached to an aircraft to assist in its recovery from a spin. 204 anti-swing parachute Parachute which reduces the amplitude of oscillation of a load supported by other parachutes. 205 automatic parachute Parachute

19、which is caused to deploy at a predetermined altitude, time, or rate of descent, by an automatic sensing device. 206 auxiliary parachute Subsidiary parachute attached to the main canopy or its pack to assist during the deployment sequence; usually one of three types: spring auxiliary parachute, hand

20、 deployed parachute or vane parachute. NOTEIn America the term used is pilot chute. 207 back type parachute Parachute mounted in its pack worn on the back of the harness. 208 chest mounted parachute Parachute carried in its pack mounted on the front of the harness, usually a reserve. 209 cluster Ass

21、embly of two or more parachutes attached to a single load, designed to deploy simultaneously. 210 controller parachute Parachute used to modify the opening characteristics of the main canopy, it may be external or internal to the main canopy. 211 decelerator parachute Parachute used to reduce the sp

22、eed prior to deployment of the main parachute. 212 delayed opening parachute Parachute which is deployed at some time after the initiation of the opening sequence. 213 drogue parachute Relatively small parachute or drag producer used as a controller parachute, a decelerator parachute, an extractor p

23、arachute or a stabilizer parachute. 214 emergency escape parachute emergency parachute non-preferred Personnel parachute used by an occupant of an aircraft for an emergency descent. 215 extractor parachute Parachute used for withdrawing a load from an aircraft in flight.BSF140:1991 2 BSI 02-2000 No.

24、 Term Definition 216 HAHO (high altitude high opening) system Parachute system designed for high altitude exit from an aircraft with subsequent high altitude opening of the parachute. 217 HALO (high altitude low opening) system Parachute system designed for high altitude exit from an aircraft with s

25、ubsequent low altitude opening of the parachute. 218 hand deployed parachute Auxiliary parachute manually deployed into the air stream by the parachutist. 219 hand deployed system Method of deployment used in free fall in which the auxiliary parachute is introduced into the airstream by hand to init

26、iate the main canopy deployment. 220 landing brake parachute aircraft brake parachute non-preferred Parachute deployed from an aircraft to assist its deceleration on landing. 221 mains extractor parachute System in which the main parachute(s) is used to extract the load from the aircraft. 222 parasc

27、ending parachute Personnel parachute inflated at ground level to avoid the need for an aircraft where height is obtained by towing into wind (as in a kite) or by foot down a steep hill (as in a hang glider). 223 personnel parachute Parachute used for the safe descent of a person, including uses as a

28、n airborne forces parachute, an emergency escape parachute, a parascending parachute and a sport parachute. 224 recovery parachute Parachute used to effect the safe recovery of a payload or vehicle. 225 reserve parachute Additional parachute carried by a parachutist for emergency use when the main p

29、arachute normally used fails to function correctly. 226 seat type parachute Parachute and pack on which the parachutist sits. 227 sport parachute Personnel parachute used for recreational purposes. 228 spring auxiliary parachute Auxiliary parachute which contains a spring to assist deployment into t

30、he air stream. 229 stabilizer parachute Parachute used to stabilize a parachutist or store in ballistic flight or free fall. 230 supply dropping parachute Parachute for delivering stores and equipment. The size can vary but may be large and/or they can be used in clusters. 231 tandem pack Pack, gene

31、rally with integral harness, with two parachute compartments so that both the main parachute and the reserve parachute are carried on the back of the parachutist. 232 tandem parachute Parachute assembly which enables the parachutist (tandem master) to attach to his front either a person or container

32、 by means of his harness. 233 ULLA (ultra low level assembly) Parachute system for delivering stores at very low levels, e.g.below50ft above ground level, using mains extraction for retardation and energy absorbers for relief of landing shock loads. NOTEIn America the term used is LAPES (low altitud

33、e parachute extraction system). 234 vane parachute Auxiliary parachute constructed with vanes to increase drag. 235 Webb parachute Specific internal controller parachute.BSF140:1991 BSI 02-2000 3 No. Term Definition Section 3. Canopy types 301 annular canopy Canopy designed to fly in the form of a r

34、ing with the enlarged vent kept low. 302 blank gore canopy Canopy in which the material of the whole or part of one or more gores has been deleted with the peripheral hem and the vent hems retained. 303 flat circular canopy Canopy constructed as a flat polygon, approximating a circle; each gore bein

35、g a straight sided triangle. 304 conical (biconical, triconical) canopy Canopy constructed from straight sided panels forming a multi-sided pyramid or cone (or2 or3 cone segments). 305 cruciform canopy Canopy designed in the form of a cross when flat. 306 equiflo canopy High speed ribbon canopy shap

36、ed as a flat circular canopy with skirt extension. 307 extended skirt Canopy with additional material attached to the periphery in the form of a skirt. 308 gathered parasheet Parasheet with the periphery restrained by a cord or tape. 309 guide surface canopy Canopy shaped to have a re-entrant surfac

37、e close to the periphery to act as a guide member. 310 hemisflo canopy High speed ribbon canopy in a hemispherical shape with skirt extension. 311 parasheet Canopy constructed of one piece of fabric, or more if the pieces are joined with the parallel warps in the form of a regular polygon with the r

38、igging lines attached at the corners of the polygon. 312 parawing canopy Canopy designed as a single surface aerofoil with one or more keels, to produce both drive and lift. 313 ram air canopy Twin skin canopy, usually rectangular, with ribs at regular intervals. The fully inflated canopy has a lift

39、ing aerofoil cross section maintained by the ram air pressure due to its forward motion. 314 ribbon canopy Canopy in which the gores are constructed of separate ribbons instead of continuous fabric. 315 ring sail canopy Canopy constructed from a developed sphere with annular openings. The lower pane

40、ls have fullness at the lower edges. 316 ring slot canopy Canopy constructed from concentric rings of fabric separated at fixed distances and connected to each other by radial tapes at regular intervals. 317 rogallo canopy A specific type of parawing canopy. 318 rota foil canopy Specific type of rot

41、ating canopy developed from a flat canopy with radial slots. 319 shaped canopy Canopy constructed from gores that are not straight sided. 320 slotted canopy Canopy constructed with openings or slots in addition to the vent incorporated into the canopy to provide drive and steerability and increase s

42、tability. 321 spherical canopy Shaped canopy constructed as part of the surface of a sphere. 322 square canopy Canopy of square or rectangular shape when flat. NOTEThis term is often misused to refer to a ram air canopy. 323 vortex ring canopy Canopy constructed to autorotate by presenting angled go

43、res to the airflow.BSF140:1991 4 BSI 02-2000 No. Term Definition Section 4. Parachute system components 401 adjustable buckle Fitting which allows the length of a strap to be altered. 402 anti-squid line Axial line to control the position of the vent and so prevent the parachute from squidding. 403

44、anchor cable Steel cable within an aircraft fuselage to which static lines are attached. 404 automatic opening device Device which automatically initiates the parachute deployment when preset conditions (usually of time, altitude, or velocity) are attained. Often used to deploy automatically a reser

45、ve parachute. 405 axial line centre line non-preferred Central line joining the apex of a canopy to the lower extremities of the rigging lines, usually to improve inflation characteristics (e.g.as an anti-squid line) and drag. 406 back pad Thin pad attached to the inner side of the rear of the harne

46、ss to increase comfort. 407 back strap Part of the rear of the harness which links the two main load straps of a saddle harness. 408 beckets Tapered loop of tape or webbing with sewn folded edges through which cord or thread may be passed. 409 breaktie Length of cord, thread or tape designed to fail

47、 at a known load at a predetermined stage of the sequence of operation of a parachute. 410 canopy release Device which permits rapid release of the parachute from the harness. 411 Capewell release Proprietary double action release system. 412 chest protector Pad fastened to the inside of the chest s

48、trap to improve comfort and absorb shock. 413 chest strap Part of the harness which passes across the chest linking the load bearing straps, usually adjustable. 414 clevis pin Pin used to close a U-shaped fitting. 415 cone fastener pack cone non-preferred Conical shaped fitting having a hole through

49、 it close to the apex to accept a locking pin. Used to secure the closure flaps of the pack. 416 connector link Metal fitting to join together the ends of two strops. 417 cross connector strap Strap connecting the left and right hand lift webs so as to prevent canopy collapse if one lift web should become disconnected. 418 deployment bag inner pack non-preferred Fabric container for a canopy from which it is extracted by the already deployed rigging lines. 419 dereefer Device for releasing or cutting a reefing line. 420 diaper Form of canopy mouth lock on which rigging lin