BS 5395-4-2011 Code of practice for the design of stairs for limited access《限制进入的楼梯设计实施规范》.pdf

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1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS 5395-4:2011Code of practice for thedesign of stairs for limitedaccessPublishing and copyright informationThe BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the

2、 documentwas last issued. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 71650 8ICS 91.060.30The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:Committee reference B/208Draft for comment 10/30228272 DCPublication historyFirst published September 2011Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS 5395

3、-4:2011 BRITISH STANDARDContentsForeword iiIntroduction 11 Scope 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions 24 Safety 25 Types of stair for limited access 36 Slip resistance 14Bibliography 15List of figuresFigure 1 Allowable rise, going and pitch dimensions for limited access stairs5Figure 2 O

4、verall going of a stair by type and floor to floor height 6Figure 3 Straight stair 7Figure 4 Reduced headroom for loft conversions 9Figure 5 Small spiral stair 11Figure 6 Alternating stair tread 13List of tablesTable 1 Choice of limited access stair 4Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front c

5、over, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,pages 1 to 16, an inside back cover and a back cover.BRITISH STANDARD BS 5395-4:2011 BSI 2011 iForewordPublishing informationThis part of BS 5395 is published by BSI and came into effect on30 September 2011. It was prepared by Technical Committee B/208, Sta

6、irs andwalkways. A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.Relationship with other publicationsBS 5395 is published in three parts, as follows: Part 1: Code of practice for the design of stairs with straight flights andwinders; Part 2: Code of p

7、ractice for the design of helical and spiral stairs; Part 3: Code of practice for the design of industrial type stairs, permanentladders and walkways (declared obsolescent); Part 4: Code of practice for the design for stairs for limited access.Information about this documentBSI committee, B/208, tak

8、es collective responsibility for its preparation. Thecommittee wishes to acknowledge the contribution of the Building ResearchEstablishment (BRE), whose report 202591 1 was used as the basis for thisstandard.Use of this documentAs a code of practice, this part of BS 5395 takes the form of guidance a

9、ndrecommendations. It should not be quoted as if it were a specification andparticular care should be taken to ensure that claims of compliance are notmisleading.Any user claiming compliance with this part of BS 5395 is expected to be able tojustify any course of action that deviates from its recomm

10、endations.It has been assumed in the preparation of this British Standard that theexecution of its provisions will be entrusted to appropriately qualified andexperienced people, for whose use it has been produced.Where methods of design, materials, components and methods of constructionare not cover

11、ed by this standard, or by any other British Standard, this is notnecessarily to be regarded as discouraging their use.Presentational conventionsThe provisions in this standard are presented in roman (i.e. upright) type. Itsrecommendations are expressed in sentences in which the principal auxiliaryv

12、erb is “should”.Commentary, explanation and general informative material is presented insmaller italic type, and does not constitute a normative element.The word “should” is used to express recommendations of this standard. Theword “may” is used in the text to express permissibility, e.g. as an alte

13、rnative tothe primary recommendation of the clause. The word “can” is used to expresspossibility, e.g. a consequence of an action or an event.Notes and commentaries are provided throughout the text of this standard.Notes give references and additional information that are important but do notform pa

14、rt of the recommendations. Commentaries give background information.BRITISH STANDARDBS 5395-4:2011ii BSI 2011Contractual and legal considerationsThis publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of acontract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a

15、 British Standard cannot confer immunity from legalobligations.Attention is drawn to the requirements of the Building Regulations for Englandand Wales 2, The Building Regulations (Northern Ireland) 3 and The Building(Scotland) Regulations 4.BRITISH STANDARD BS 5395-4:2011 BSI 2011 iiiBRITISH STANDAR

16、DBS 5395-4:2011This page deliberately left blankiv BSI 2011IntroductionIn the United Kingdom there are over 500 deaths each year1)from stair relatedaccidents in the home. It is estimated that a further 250 000 non-fatal accidents2)take place on stairs in the home each year, which are serious enough

17、to causethe victim to visit their General Practitioner or Hospital Accident and Emergencydepartment. This is equivalent to a domestic accident on stairs occurring every2.5 minutes. From 2003 onwards, there were over twice as many deaths due tofalls on or from steps and stairs as there were due to ex

18、posure to smoke, fireand flames in England and Wales.Young children and elderly people are particularly at risk from falls on stairs.Nearly 20% of the non-fatal domestic accidents on stairs happen to children lessthan 4 years of age, and 70% of the fatal accidents occur to adults over 65 yearsof age

19、.The most important aspects of stair design that affects the safety of users arethe tread dimensions. If a going is too small to easily place a significantproportion of the foot upon, it increases the likelihood of an overstep. Researchsuggests that large oversteps, coupled with the type of material

20、 on the stairnosing, can lead to a slip in descent. If there are no suitable handrails, or theperson cannot reach them in time, this slip can lead to a serious incident.The uniformity of steps is also very important, because even a small decrease inthe size of a going can lead to a significant incre

21、ase in the likelihood of a largeoverstep. This small difference in the size of goings is particularly important ifthe going is less than 300 mm.Under normal walking conditions the placement of feet on successive treads isnot completely consistent, but instead there is limited variation within footpl

22、acement on a stair tread. Therefore, there is a possibility that a large overstepcan occur when descending any stair, although this risk is dramatically reducedby increasing the size of the going, and by limiting the variation betweensuccessive treads.1 ScopeThis part of BS 5395 gives recommendation

23、s for the design of stairs suitable foruse in limited access situations for dwellings only. Such stairs include straight,spiral and alternating tread stair designs.Limited access for industrial settings is covered in BS EN ISO 14122, BS 5395-33)and BS 4211. These standards apply to all limited acces

24、s situations fornon-domestic buildings.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application ofthis document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undatedreferences, the latest edition of the referenced document (including anyamendments)

25、applies.BS 5395-1:2010, Stairs, ladders and walkways Part 1: Code of practice for thedesign, construction and maintenance of straight stairs and windersBS 5395-2, Stairs, ladders and walkways Part 2: Code of practice for the designof helical and spiral stairs1)ONS Mortality database (Twentieth Centu

26、ry Mortality ICD-10 code W10).2)24th (Final) report of the home and leisure accident surveillance system (HASS).3)Declared obsolescent.BRITISH STANDARD BS 5395-4:2011 BSI 2011 1BS EN 1930, Child care articles Safety barriers Safety requirements and testmethods3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes

27、of this part of BS 5395, the terms and definitions given inBS 5395-1 and BS 5395-2 and the following apply.3.1 private stairstair within a dwelling, intended for use only by occupants and visitorsNOTE A private stair is commonly steeper and narrower than a normal-use stair,saving space at the expens

28、e of both safety and amenity.3.2 stair for limited accessstair suitable for use in stair enclosures that are too small for a private stair3.3 alternating tread stairstair constructed of alternate handed steps with part of the tread cut away,forming a paddle-shape tread4 Safety4.1 HandrailsCOMMENTARY

29、 ON 4.1Use of a suitably designed handrail can prevent users from losing their balance whenon the stair and can also assist users to ascend by pulling themselves up the stairs. Ahandrail can also help users to regain balance in the event of a fall, reducing theseverity of the injuries that might res

30、ult.The need for a handrail on both sides of the stair comes from two sources. Firstly, toallow users a choice of support when ascending and descending stairs, it ispreferable to have a handrail on both sides. This can be essential for people using awalking stick or cane, or who might be weaker on o

31、ne side. The other reason is thathaving two handrails reduces the chances of a serious incident happening on a stair.Stairs for limited access should have two handrails, one on each side of the stair,with a minimum distance between the handrails of 600 mm. Where spaceallows, the width should be incr

32、eased, ideally to more than 800 mm (this allowsboth handrails to be used at the same time). Size and shape of handrails shouldbe designed in accordance with BS 5395-1.The height of the handrails above the pitch line should be between 900 mm and1 000 mm, so that the handrails provide support in desce

33、nt and can be used toassist users in climbing the stairs.The handrail height on both sides of the flight should be identical.4.2 Guarding4.2.1 GeneralThe height of guarding should be as recommended in BS 5395-1.4.2.2 Safety for childrenNOTE 1 Stairs for limited access are unsuitable for use by child

34、ren under two yearsof age.BRITISH STANDARDBS 5395-4:20112 BSI 2011To protect children less than two years of age, the stair should be designed sothat access can be prevented at both the top and bottom of the flight throughthe use of a stair gate designed to BS EN 1930, or a stair enclosure controlle

35、d bya door.To protect children less than five years of age, guarding should be designed toprevent children from falling through it, and to avoid entrapment of a childshead. Gaps in the guarding should, therefore, be small enough to prevent asphere with a 100 mm diameter from passing through.Guarding

36、 should be designed in such a way as to discourage children less thanfive years of age from climbing it. Features in the guarding that might provide afoothold, should be avoided.NOTE 2 It can also be helpful to allow small children to see what is on the otherside of the guarding, either through smal

37、l gaps, or by the use of strong, transparentmaterials.4.3 LocationWherever possible, a private stair should be specified. A stair for limited accessshould only be specified in dwellings to provide permanent access to a loft orbasement conversion where the maximum stair enclosure available is smaller

38、than that required for a private stair. Limited access stairs should not be used toprovide access to more than two consecutive storeys.NOTE Where infrequent access is required to lofts or basements used for storageonly, alternative non-permanent means of access can be considered.4.4 LightingNOTE Fur

39、ther information on lighting can be found in BS 5395-1.Artificial lighting should be installed for all limited access stairs, with two-wayswitching. Switches should be placed close to the top and bottom of the flight,preferably in a place where the switch can be operated without the user havingto be

40、 on the flight. Where the stairs join two rooms, the main lights suppliedfor each room might be sufficient to light the stair; in such a case, two-wayswitches for both rooms should be placed at the top and bottom of the flight.4.5 LandingsA landing should be provided at the top and bottom of every l

41、imited accessstair, so that the landing is an integral part of, or level with, the floor whereaccess is required.Intermediate landings should be avoided for limited access stairs, since a stairwith larger goings could be built within the same stair enclosure.Where a 90 turn is required, a quarter-la

42、nding may be provided as the very firstor last step on a limited access stair; in such circumstances, the landing shouldhave straight edges, and have a rise equivalent to the rise used for the rest ofthe flight. Handrails should continue around the landing to clearly mark itspresence to users.5 Type

43、s of stair for limited access5.1 Choice of stairs5.1.1 GeneralThis British Standard recommends three types of stair that are suitable for use inlimited access situations; wherever possible, straight stairs (see 5.2) should bespecified, followed by spiral (see 5.3) and then alternating tread stairs (

44、see 5.4).BRITISH STANDARD BS 5395-4:2011 BSI 2011 3NOTE 1 The dimensional requirements for these stairs are summarized in Table 1and illustrated in Figure 1.NOTE 2 The rise for alternating tread stairs, illustrated in Figure 1, is twice thevalue shown in Table 1. This is because the going is measure

45、d between alternatenosings (over a distance of two rises), creating much steeper pitches than suggestedby the dimensions in Table 1.A stair for limited access can be chosen over the whole pitch range between34.2 and 63.1 but, where space allows, preference should be given to stairswith a shallower p

46、itch.Other types of limited access stairs are not recommended.NOTE 3 Further information on the relative safety of different limited access stairscan be found in Safety of Stairs for Loft Access 5.5.1.2 DimensionsCOMMENTARY ON 5.1.2The choice between the different types of limited access stair is re

47、stricted by thespace available, as shown in Figure 2. In applying Figure 2, the first action wouldnormally be to determine the total rise (floor to floor) and the overall going withinthe maximum available space. The floor to floor dimension for the proposed stair isknown from architectural drawings

48、or more accurately measured on site. In a similarway the maximum available space can be calculated or measured on site. Theseoverall rise and going dimensions define a point on Figure 2. Any stair, described bythe various shaded areas, to the left of this point can be made to fit inside theavailable

49、 space. The preference for shallower pitch stairs would mean that thepreference is given to stairs as close to this point as possible. Where two shadedareas overlap, either stair type can be used.Space should be provided in the design to ensure a suitable landing at the topand bottom of each flight.NOTE A space that extends further in width is required for small spiral stairs andshallow straight stairs that include an optional quarter-landing or winders.These options should be considered as suitable alternatives where space allo