ASTM E1742 E1742M-2012 Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination《射线照相检验的标准实施规程》.pdf

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1、Designation: E1742/E1742M 11 E1742/E1742M 12Standard Practice forRadiographic Examination1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1742/E1742M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.

2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This practice2 establishes the minimum requirements

3、 for radiographic examination for metallic and nonmetallic materials.1.2 ApplicabilityThe criteria for the radiographic examination in this practice are applicable to all types of metallic andnonmetallic materials. The requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of th

4、e radiographic imagesand are not intended to establish acceptance criteria for parts and materials.1.3 Basis of ApplicationThere are areas in this practice that may require agreement between the cognizant engineeringorganization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering

5、organization. These items should be addressedin the purchase order or the contract.1.3.1 DoD contracts.1.3.2 Personnel qualification, 5.1.1.1.3.3 Agency qualification, 5.1.2.1.3.4 Digitizing techniques, 5.4.5.1.3.5 Alternate image quality indicator (IQI) types, 5.5.3.1.3.6 Examination sequence, 6.6.

6、1.3.7 Non-film techniques, 6.7.1.3.8 Radiographic quality levels, 6.9.1.3.9 Film density, 6.10.1.3.10 IQI qualification exposure, 6.13.3.1.3.11 Non-requirement for IQI, 6.18.1.3.12 Examination coverage for welds, A2.2.2.1.3.13 Electron beam welds, A2.3.1.3.14 Geometric unsharpness, 6.23.1.3.15 Respo

7、nsibility for examination, 6.27.1.1.3.16 Examination report, 6.27.2.1.3.17 Retention of radiographs, 6.27.8.1.3.18 Storage of radiographs, 6.27.9.1.3.19 Reproduction of radiographs, 6.27.10 and 6.27.10.1.1.3.20 Acceptable parts, 6.28.1.1.4 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unit

8、s are to be regarded separately as standard. The values statedin each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to addre

9、ss all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee

10、E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology (X andGamma) Method.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011Nov. 1, 2012. Published February 2011November 2012. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20082011as E1742 - 08a.E1742

11、- 11. DOI: 10.1520/E1742-11.10.1520/E1742_E1742M-12.2 This practice replaced MIL-STD-453.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible

12、to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyrigh

13、t ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice to the extent specified herein:2.2 ASTM Standards:3E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE543 Specification for Ag

14、encies Performing Nondestructive TestingE747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used forRadiologyE801 Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination of Electronic DevicesE999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of

15、Industrial Radiographic Film ProcessingE1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI)Used for RadiologyE1030 Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Metallic CastingsE1032 Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Weldme

16、ntsE1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission DensitometersE1165 Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole ImagingE1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed Industrial Radiographic FilmsE1255 Practice for RadioscopyE1316 Terminology for Nondestruct

17、ive ExaminationsE1390 Specification for Illuminators Used for Viewing Industrial RadiographsE1411 Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic SystemsE1416 Test Method for Radioscopic Examination of WeldmentsE1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial RadiographyE2033 Practice f

18、or Computed Radiology (Photostimulable Luminescence Method)E2698 Practice for Radiological Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays2.3 AWS Document:AWS A2.4 Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination42.4 Aerospace Industries Association Document:NAS 410 Certification mech

19、anical devices (see Footnote B).B Calibrated and recorded in accordance with ANSI Z540-3, or ISO 10012, asapplicable.C Documentation of this check not required.DMay be extended to weekly when substantiated by actual technical/reliability dataand approved by the cognizant engineering organization.E M

20、easured and recorded when solutions are changed during preventativemaintenance or repair.F Measured and recorded during preventative maintenance or repair.G Temperatures shall be checked prior to each use. Daily documentation of thischeck is required.H Each shift or when maintenance is performed (bu

21、lb or aperture changed).IEvery 90 days or whenever the densitometer verification check is not withintolerance.JFixed viewing locations with acceptable and controlled ambient lighting conditionsneed not be re-verified as long as those conditions are maintained.E1742/E1742M 1255.5.4 IQI ControlThe IQI

22、s shall be procured or fabricated to the requirements of Practice of E1025, or the alternate designof Annex A1, as applicable, with a manufacturers certification of compliance with respect to alloy and dimensions. Users shallvisually inspect IQIs for damage and cleanliness in accordance with Table 2

23、.6. Detail Requirements6.1 Written ProcedureIt shall be the responsibility of the NDT facility to develop a workable examination technique recordedas a written procedure that is capable of consistently producing the desired results and radiographic quality level. When requiredby contract or purchase

24、 order, the procedure shall be submitted to the cognizant engineering organization for approval. The writtenprocedure shall contain, as a minimum, the following information:6.1.1 A drawing, sketch, or photograph of the component showing the location of the film and IQI with respect to the radiations

25、ource for each exposure.6.1.2 The angle of the radiation beam in relation to the component, the source-to-film distance, and any blocking or masking,if used.6.1.3 Part zones, if applicable, should be included (see 6.2). This may be accomplished through drawings and tables or byreference to documents

26、 where such information is found.6.1.4 The nominal exposure for X-ray machines, the voltage, milliamps, time (or rads as applicable), and effective focal spotsize. For radioisotope sources, the isotope type, source strength (curies), exposure time, and source size.6.1.5 Film designation (for example

27、, brand, type, and processing parameters), intensifying screens (for example, type andthickness of screens), or filters (for example, filter material, thickness, and location) if used, film loading instructions, instructions(for example, when using multiple film exposure techniques), and the desired

28、 film density range.6.1.6 Thickness and type of material.6.1.7 The IQI size and type, and the required radiographic quality level. If alternate IQIs are used (see 5.5.3), include detailsof the design or reference to documents where such information is found.6.1.8 Thickness and type of material for s

29、hims or blocks, or both, if used.6.1.9 Name and address of the NDT facility and the date, or revision, of the procedure.6.1.10 Radiographic identification scheme used to correlate part-to-film. If the examination procedures are similar for manycomponents, a master written procedure may be used that

30、covers the details common to a variety of components. All writtenprocedures shall be approved by an individual qualified and certified as a Level III for radiography in accordance with 5.1.1.6.2 Acceptance RequirementsWhen examination is performed in accordance with this practice, engineering drawin

31、gs,specifications, or other applicable documents shall indicate the criteria by which the components are judged acceptable. Complexcomponents may be divided into zones and separate criteria assigned to each zone in accordance with its design requirements.When used, direct references to ASTM referenc

32、e radiographic standards shall include the grade level for each type of discontinuitypermitted for each part or zone.NOTE 3Information on reference radiographs can be obtained from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03 or from ASTM Headquarters.6.3 Surface PreparationComponents may be examine

33、d without surface preparation or conditioning except as required toremove surface conditions that may interfere with proper interpretation of radiographs.6.3.1 Castings, forgings, and weldments may be radiographed in the as-cast, as-forged, or as-welded conditions provided thefollowing requirements

34、are met.6.3.1.1 For castings and forgings, the surface condition shall not interfere with evaluation.6.3.1.2 Accessible surfaces of welds shall be prepared in accordance with A2.1.6.4 Radiographic IdentificationEach radiograph shall carry the identification or serial number of the component and view

35、number, when multiple views are taken. Each radiograph shall also carry the identification of the NDT facility examining thecomponent and the date of the examination. Radiographs of a repair area shall be identified with R1, R2, R3, and so forth, indicatingthe number of times that repairs were attem

36、pted. Alternative schemes may be used for identification of repair radiographs so longas each film is clearly identified to relate to a particular repair area. For explosives and propellants, the conditioning temperatureshall be identified on each X-ray film if the ordnance has been conditioned to a

37、 temperature other than facility ambient for purposesof examination.6.5 Examination and CoverageThe number of parts examined, and the radiographic coverage of each part shall be as specifiedby drawings, radiographic techniques, radiographic manuals, handbooks for aircraft technical orders, or other

38、specifications, asapplicable. Areas to be examined shall be identified on the drawing by using the symbols in accordance with ANSI/AWSAWS A2.4or other systems of designations that are easily identified on the drawing. If the number of parts to be examined and the amountof coverage of each part is no

39、t specified, all parts shall be examined and shall receive 100 % radiographic coverage.6.6 Examination SequenceThe sequence for radiographic examination in the production operation should be specified in themanufacturing or assembly process specification, contract, or purchase order. If not specifie

40、d, radiographic examination shall beE1742/E1742M 126performed at a stage in the process of manufacturing or assembly at which discontinuities can be detected. Radiographicexamination may be performed before heat treatment, provided liquid penetrant or magnetic particle examinations are performedafte

41、r heat treatment.6.7 Nonfilm TechniquesWhen permitted by purchase order, contract, or specification, radioscopic examination radioscopic/radiological examinations using nonfilm techniques shall be in accordance with PracticePractices E1255 and, E2033 appropriateannex.or E2698 Qualification of radios

42、copic systems shall be in accordance with Practiceor a nonfilm specification approved bythe CEO as required. E1411. Prior approval of the detailed examination, evaluation, and quality control procedures Prior approvalshall be obtained from the Level III radiographer of the cognizant engineering orga

43、nization (see 5.1.1).6.8 Multi-Film TechniquesFilm techniques with two or more films of the same or different speeds in the same film holder, tobe used in either single or superimposed film viewing, shall be permitted provided that the applicable radiographic quality level,and film density requireme

44、nts (see 6.9 and 6.10), are achieved for the area of interest.6.9 Radiographic Quality LevelsThe five quality levels listed in Table 3 may be assigned on the basis of IQI thickness andthe perceptibility of one, two, or three holes in the hole-type IQI image on the radiograph. If the quality level is

45、 not specified onthe drawing or other applicable documents, it shall be Level 2-2T. Unless otherwise specified by the cognizant engineeringorganization, hole-type IQIs used for examination of material 0.25 in. (6.35 mm) or less in thickness shall be 0.005-in. (0.127-mm)minimum thickness.6.10 Film De

46、nsityFor single-film viewing, the film density shall be 1.5 in the area of interest. Where superimposed filmviewing is used, the film density of the superimposed films shall be from 2.0 in the area of interest, and each individual film shallnot have a film density below 1.0 in the area of interest.

47、Film densities above 4.0 are permitted when agreed upon between thecognizant engineering organization and the NDT facility (see Note 1 of Fig. 1). In no case shall the maximum film density exceed4.5. For single-film viewing, film densities less than 1.5 are permitted only when items not requiring an

48、 IQI (see 6.18) areexamined. The maximum readable film density depends on the film viewer used and its maximum luminance (see 6.27.4). Themaximum readable film density shall always be posted on the viewer.6.11 Processing RadiographsRadiographs shall be free from blemishes which may interfere with fi

49、lm interpretation.6.12 IQI SelectionThe IQI thickness shall be based on a thickness not greater than the nominal thickness to be radiographed.For double-wall exposures and double-wall viewing techniques, the IQI shall be based on the double-wall thickness of thecomponent. The IQI thicknesses that are in between, or smaller than, the thickness increments in Fig. A1.1 (for example, ahole-type IQI that is 0.0025 or 0.006 in. thick) may be used but are not mandatory. For double-wall exposures and single-wallviewing techniques, the IQI shall be based on the single-w