ASTM E135-2014b red 8955 Standard Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals Ores and Related Materials《有关金属 矿石及相关材料的分析化学的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: E135 14aE135 14bStandard Terminology Relating toAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and RelatedMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E135; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the

2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms commonly used in analytical chemistry for metals, ores, and related materials.

3、Terms that aregenerally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources are either not included or their sources are identified.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a discussion.1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another stand

4、ards organization orASTM committee are identified with the nameof the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee.1.4 Definitions specific to a particular field (such as emission spectrometry) are identified with an italicized introductory phrase.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Stand

5、ards:2E1914 Practice for Use of Terms Relating to the Development and Evaluation of Methods for Chemical AnalysisE2437 Practice for Designing and Validating Performance-Based Test Methods for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, and RelatedMaterials (Withdrawn 2014)3E2438 Practice for Implementing Standard

6、 Performance Based Test Methods for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, and RelatedMaterials (Withdrawn 2014)32.2 ISO Standard:4ISO Guide 30 Terms and Definitions Used in Connection with Reference Materials3. Significance and Use3.1 Definitions given in Section 4 are intended for use in all standards on a

7、nalytical chemistry for metals, ores, and relatedmaterials. The definitions should be used uniformly and consistently. The purpose of this terminology is to promote clearunderstanding and interpretation of the standards in which definitions are used.4. Terminology Definitionsaim interlaboratory unce

8、rtainty, nthe maximum deviation (95 % confidence) to be allowed in the design of the totalinterlaboratory uncertainty of a test method, beginning with the preparation of a homogeneous sample and ending with a finalreport value to the client. E2437aim total intralaboratory uncertainty, nthe maximum d

9、eviation (95 % confidence) to be allowed in the design of the totalintralaboratory uncertainty of a test method, beginning with the preparation of a homogeneous sample and ending with a finalreport value to the client.aim uncertainty budget, nduring the development of a standard performance-based te

10、st method, the target allocation ofinterlaboratory measurement uncertainty among specific components of a measurement process that contribute significantly to1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the

11、direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E01.23 on Terminology and Editorial.Current edition approved April 1, 2014Aug. 15, 2014. Published August 2014September 2014. Originally approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2014 asE135 14.E135 14a. DOI: 10.1520/E0135-14A.10.1520/E0135-14B.2 For re

12、ferencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced

13、 on www.astm.org.4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the pre

14、vious version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM I

15、nternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1the overall deviation. The target allocation is made by the task group and serves as guidance for interlaboratory test participantsduring method testing. E2437analytical curvesee calibration curve.analy

16、te, nin methods of chemical analysis, the constituent determined by a chemical measurement process. E1914analytical gap, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the region between two electrodes in which the specimen is excited and fromwhich radiant energy is used for analysis.analytical line, nin atomic

17、spectrometry, the particular wavelength of electromagnetic radiation used in determining the presenceor concentration of an element.arc, condensedsee discharge, triggered capacitor.noncapacitive ac arc,nin atomic emission spectrometry, a series of separate electrical discharges, individually self-in

18、itiatingor initiated separately by another means, in which each current pulse has a polarity that is reversed from the previous one.arc linenot recommended, see atom line.atom line, nin atomic emission spectrometry, a spectral line resulting from radiation emitted during electron transition as anexc

19、ited atom returns to a lower energy level.atomic emission spectrometry (AES), npertaining to emission spectrometry in the ultraviolet, visible, or infrared wavelengthregions of the electromagnetic spectrum.bandpass filtersee under filter.between-laboratory standard deviation, sR,nthe standard deviat

20、ion of results obtained on the same material using the samemethod in different laboratories.buffer, nin spectrometric analysis, a substance that tends to minimize the effects of one or more elements on the emission ofother elements.burn, nin atomic emission spectrometry, that portion of a solid spec

21、imen from which atoms were volatilized or sputtered.burn, vtin atomic emission spectrometry, to vaporize, or sputter, and excite a specimen with sufficient energy to generate spectralradiation.calibrate, vt(1) to establish the relationship between the response of an instrument and the amount of anal

22、yte; (2) to establisha table of corrections to improve the accuracy of equipment used to measure physical properties such as mass, volume,temperature, and so forth.calibration, nthe act, process, or result of establishing: (1) the relationship between the response of an instrument and the amountof a

23、nalyte present; (2) a table of corrections to improve the accuracy of equipment used to measure physical properties such asmass, volume, temperature, and so forth.calibration curve, nthe graphical or mathematical representation of the relationship between the response of an instrument andthe concent

24、ration or mass of the analyte.condensed arcsee under discharge, triggered capacitor.certified reference material (CRM), na reference material, accompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose property valuesare certified by a procedure which establishes traceability to an accurate realization of t

25、he unit in which the property values areexpressed, and for which each certified value is accompanied by an uncertainty at a stated level of confidence.DISCUSSIONBefore the advent of the term certified reference material (CRM), the term standard reference material was used in many documents of ASTMIn

26、ternational. This results from the use of the term Standard Reference Material (SRM) as the name for certified reference materials (CRM) issuedby the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), an agency of the United States government.counterelectrode, nin atomic emission spectrometry, t

27、he electrode in an analytical pair that does not contain the specimen beinganalyzed.detection limit, nthe smallest net signal (or the derived property value, constituent mass fraction, etc.) obtained by a givenmeasurement procedure, that can be distinguished from the background signal at a specified

28、 confidence level. E1914DISCUSSIONE135 14b2The detection limit may be designated as LD. An equivalent alternative term is Limit of Detection with an acronym of LOD.5discharge, triggered capacitor, na series of electrical discharges from capacitors initiated by a separate means and extinguishedwhen t

29、he voltage across the analytical gap falls to a value that no longer is sufficient to maintain it.division, nin sample preparation, a process which divides a sample into two or more subsamples without changing thecomposition.dor bead, na gold and silver bead that results from cupellation and may con

30、tain platinum group metals.drift correction, nin spectrometric analysis, the process of adjusting for a translational shift or a rotational shift, or both, inofan instrument calibration.response.electrode, nin atomic emission spectrometry, either of two terminals between which an electrical discharg

31、e occurs.electrode gapnot recommended, see analytical gap.error, nof a result, the difference between a result obtained on a material and its accepted reference value. E1914fatigue, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the decrease in response of a photoelectric radiant energy detector caused by theacc

32、umulated exposure of the detector to radiant energy.filter, nin atomic spectrometry, a substance that attenuates the radiant power in a definite manner with respect to spectraldistribution.bandpass filtera filter that passes wavelengths (or frequencies) within a specified range and attenuates all wa

33、velengths (orfrequencies) outside that range.gross samplesee under sample.homologous lines, nin atomic emission spectrometry, spectral lines that exhibit minimal change in their intensity ratios withvariations in excitation conditions.increment, nin sampling, a portion of material removed from a lot

34、 by a single operation.inquartation, vtin fire assay, the addition of silver to facilitate parting.interlaboratory study (ILS), na study undertaken to demonstrate the precision and bias of a test method. E1914interlaboratory uncertainty, n in a performance based standard test method, the precision (

35、95 % confidence) that participatinglaboratories achieved during interlaboratory studies, beginning with the preparation of a homogeneous sample and ending witha final report value to the client. E2437internal standard, nin spectrometry, a material present in or added to test samples that serves as a

36、n intensity reference forspectral measurements.internal standard line, nin atomic spectrometry, a spectral line of an internal standard, to which the radiant energy of ananalytical line is compared.intralaboratory uncertainty, n in a performance based standard test method, the precision (95 % confid

37、ence) that a laboratoryachieves when the method is used by more than one operator. In test methods that establish maximum allowable intralaboratoryuncertainties, users must be able to demonstrate compliance with those uncertainties in order to report that a given test resultwas produced using the na

38、med method. E2437ion line, nin atomic emission spectrometry, a spectral line resulting from radiation emitted during electron transition as anionized atom decays to a lower, but still ionized, energy level; see atom line.laboratory samplesee under sample.linear dispersion, nthe derivative dx/d where

39、 x is the distance along the spectrum and is the wavelength.line pair, nin atomic emission spectrometry, an analytical line and the internal standard line with which it is compared.lot, nin sampling, a collection of material regarded as a unit.matrix, nin methods of chemical analysis, all components

40、 of a material except the analyte. E1914method, nin chemical analysis, instructions used to produce a numerical result, which are detailed in a document referred to as“the method.” E19145 For a complete discussion, refer to L. A. Currie (ed.), Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol 67, No. 10, 1995, pp. 16

41、991723.E135 14b3minimum standard deviation, sM,nthe standard deviation of results on a test material obtained under conditions of minimumvariability E1914nebulizer, na device for converting a sample solution into a gas-liquid aerosol for atomic absorption, emission, fluorescence, ormass analysis.non

42、capacitive ac arcsee under arc.normalization, nin spectrometric analysis, (1) the process of adjusting instrument output to conform to an established conditionusing one or more homogeneous specimens or reference materials; (2) the adjustment of the analysis total to 100 %, or someother total.parting

43、, vtin fire assay, separating silver from gold by selectively dissolving the silver in acid.performance based method, na test method that defines: (1) the general approaches for sampling, sample preparation, andmaking measurements on a specified type of material; and (2) defines maximum allowable un

44、certainties for each measuredconstituent over its validated concentration range.polychromator, na device for simultaneously isolating several rays of monochromatic radiation from a beam of polychromaticradiation.preburn period, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the time interval after the initiation

45、 of a discharge during which the emittedradiation energy is not recorded for analytical purposes.premix burner, nin flame atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry, a burner in which the fuel gas is mixed withthe oxidizing gas before reaching the combustion zone.prepared samplesee under sam

46、ple.primary X-rays, nin spectrometry, the emergent beam from the X-ray source.profile, vtin atomic emission spectrometry, to scan and set the deflection of the grating, or actual or apparent position of theentrance slit, or actual or apparent location of the exit slits, to produce optimum measuremen

47、t of intensity.proof, nin fire assay, a synthetic verifier having a precious metal content similar to that expected in the test sample.proof correction, nin fire assay, the adjustment to the final assay obtained by analyzing the proof concurrently with the testsample.radiant power, P,nthe rate at wh

48、ich energy is transported in a beam of radiant energy, preferably expressed in ergs per secondor watts.reciprocal linear dispersion, nthe derivative d/dx where is the wavelength and x is the distance along the spectrum.reference material (RM), na material, sufficiently homogeneous and stable with re

49、spect to one or more specified properties,which has been established to be fit for its intended use in a measurement process. ISO Guide 30repeatability, nsee within-laboratory standard deviation. E1914repeatability index, r,nan estimate of the maximum difference expected for results on the same test material on different daysin the same laboratory, a difference not expected to be exceeded an average of more than once in 20 comparisons (95 %probability). E1914repeatability standard deviation, nsee