ASTM D5924-2018 red 2500 Standard Guide for Selection of Simulation Approaches in Geostatistical Site Investigations.pdf
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1、Designation: D5924 96 (Reapproved 2010)D5924 18Standard Guide forSelection of Simulation Approaches in Geostatistical SiteInvestigations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5924; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONGeostatistics is a framework for data analysis, estimation, and simulation in media whosemeas
3、urable attributes show erratic spatial variability yet also possess a degree of spatial continuityimparted by the natural and anthropogenic processes operating therein. The soil, rock, and containedfluids encountered in environmental or geotechnical site investigations present such features, and the
4、irsampled attributes are therefore amenable to geostatistical treatment. Geostatistical simulationapproaches are used to produce maps of an attribute that honor the spatial variability of sampledvalues. This guide reviews criteria for selecting a simulation approach, offering direction based on acon
5、sensus of views without recommending a standard practice to follow in all cases.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the conditions that determine the selection of a suitable simulation approach for a site investigationproblem.Alternative simulation approaches considered here are conditional and nonconditi
6、onal, indicator and Gaussian, single andmultiple realization, point, and block.1.2 This guide describes the conditions for which the use of simulation is an appropriate alternative to the use of estimation ingeostatistical site investigations.1.3 This guide does not discuss the basic principles of g
7、eostatistics. Introductions to geostatistics may be found in numeroustexts including Refs (1-3).21.4 This guide is concerned with general simulation approaches only and does not discuss particular simulation algorithmscurrently in use. These are described in Refs (4-6).1.5 This guide offers an organ
8、ized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM s
9、tandard is not intended to represent or replacethe standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be appliedwithout consideration of a projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that thed
10、ocument has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations i
11、ssuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of S
12、ubcommittee D18.01 on Surface and SubsurfaceCharacterization.Current edition approved May 1, 2010July 15, 2018. Published September 2010August 2018. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20042010as D592496(2004).D592496(2010). DOI: 10.1520/D5924-96R10.10.1520/D5924-18.2 The
13、boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of the text.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary p
14、age on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that
15、 users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D5549 Guide for The Cont
16、ents of Geostatistical Site Investigation Report (Withdrawn 2002)4D5922 Guide for Analysis of Spatial Variation in Geostatistical Site InvestigationsD5923 Guide for Selection of Kriging Methods in Geostatistical Site Investigations3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.
17、1 conditional simulation, na simulation approach where realizations of the random function model are constrained byvalues at sampled locations.3.1.2 drift, nin geostatistics, a systematic spatial variation of the local mean of a variable, usually expressed as a polynomialfunction of location coordin
18、ates.3.1.3 field, nin geostatistics, the region of one-, two- or three-dimensional space within which a regionalized variable isdefined.3.1.4 indicator variable, na regionalized variable that can have only two possible values, zero or one.3.1.5 kriging, nan estimation method where sample weights are
19、 obtained using a linear least-squares optimization procedurebased on a mathematical model of spatial variability and where the unknown variable and the available sample values may havea point or block support.3.1.6 nonconditional simulation, na simulation approach where realizations of the random f
20、unction model are unconstrainedby sample data.3.1.7 nugget effect, nthe component of spatial variance unresolved by the sample spacing and the additional variance due tomeasurement error.3.1.8 point, nin geostatistics, the location in the field at which a regionalized variable is defined. It also co
21、mmonly refers tothe support of sample-scale variables.3.1.9 realization, nan outcome of a spatial random function or a random variable.3.1.10 regionalized variable, na measured quantity or a numerical attribute characterizing a spatially variable phenomenonat a location in the field.3.1.11 simulatio
22、n, nin geostatistics, a numerical procedure for generating realizations of fields based on the random functionmodel chosen to represent a regionalized variable.3.1.12 smoothing effect, nin geostatistics, the reduction in spatial variance of estimated values compared to true values.3.1.13 spatial ave
23、rage, na quantity obtained by averaging a regionalized variable over a finite region of space.3.1.14 support, nin geostatistics, the spatial averaging region over which a regionalized variable is defined, oftenapproximated by a point for sample-scale variables.3.1 Definitions of Other TermsDefinitio
24、ns: For definitions of other terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology D653 andGuides D5549, D5922, and D5923. A complete glossary of geostatistical terminology is given in Ref (7).3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions o
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