Introduction to Linux-based Virtual Server and Content .ppt
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1、7/9/2001,Edward Chow Content Switch 1,Introduction to Linux-based Virtual Server and Content Switch C. Edward Chow Department of Computer Science University of Colorado at Colorado Springs chowcs.uccs.edu The ppt file of this tutorial is available at http:/cs.uccs.edu/chow/pub/conf/pdcat/tutorial.pp
2、t,Part of this work sponsored by CCL/ITRI,7/9/2001,Edward Chow Content Switch 2,Outline of the Talk,Overview of Content Delivery Networks Linux-based Virtual Server Linux-based Content Switching,7/9/2001,Edward Chow Content Switch 3,Clients,Content Delivery Network (CDN),Host Server,Mind Spring,PSIN
3、et,Home,Huge Requests,Server Crash,Slow Response,Clients,Clients,7/9/2001,Edward Chow Content Switch 4,Content Delivery Problems,http:/,7/9/2001,Edward Chow Content Switch 5,Use Client Cache/ Client Side Cache Server,Host Server,Mind Spring,PSINet,Sprint,Gloobix,Home,UUnet,Fewer Requests,Clients,Cli
4、ents,Clients,Client Cache,Client Side Cache Server,Fast Response,7/9/2001,Edward Chow Content Switch 6,Use Mirror Sites,Host Server,Mind Spring,PSINet,Home,Fast Response,Clients,Clients,Clients,Mirror Site,Mirror Site,Need improvement by guiding the selection of mirror servers with server load/netwo
5、rk bandwidth measurement,7/9/2001,Edward Chow Content Switch 7,Edge Network Cache Servers,Host Server,Mind Spring,PSINet,Home,Fast Response,Clients,Clients,Clients,Client Cache,Mirror Site,Mirror Site,Edge Network Cache Server,Cache Server,Cache Server,Cache Server,Cache Server,Client Side Cache Ser
6、ver,7/9/2001,Edward Chow Content Switch 8,Content Delivery Problem,Cache Location Problem: Where to put cache servers? How many are needed? When/where/how to push/delivery the content? How about dynamic content?,7/9/2001,Edward Chow Content Switch 9,Akamai Edge Delivery Service,Peering Bottleneck Pr
7、oblem: Access traffic evenly spread over 7400+ networks (no one over 5%; most 1%) Need to put edge servers in many networks. 11/2000, 4 billion bits/day for 2800 sites. Source Http:/,7/9/2001,Edward Chow Content Switch 10,Caching Dynamic Content at Web Proxies,Active Cache Project : PeiCao 98 Univ.
8、Wisconsin Cache Java applet to be executed at proxies Choice of passing to server, delivery cached copy, or generate dynamically. Edge Side Include (ESI): XML tag to specify ESI fragment in a web page. Each ESI fragment can have different cache/,7/9/2001,Edward Chow Content Switch 11,Edge Side Inclu
9、de Example http:/www.esi.org/, click here - - ,7/9/2001,Edward Chow Content Switch 12,Solution to First Mile Problem,First Mile Problem: Hugh requests at web site of CDN High Bandwidth Connection Caching End System Cache Client Cache Client Site Proxy Cache Server Mirror Site Caches Cache Servers in
10、 Internet Hierarchical Cache Servers, e.g., Squid/Harvest/Adaptive Web Edge Servers of Akamai Faster Server/Server Farm (Server Side Caching+Cluster) Layer4 Load balancer+Real Servers Content Switch+Real Servers Distributed Packet Rewrite,7/9/2001,Edward Chow Content Switch 13,Load Balancer or Conte
11、nt Switch,Real Server,Web Server Cluster,Load balancer can run atApplication Level Reverse ProxyKernel level Linux Virtual Server,Load balancer can distribute requests based on Layer 3-4 info fixe field/fast hash Layer 3-7 info var. length/slow parsing,Real Server,Real Server,Real Server,7/9/2001,Ed
12、ward Chow Content Switch 14,Comparison of Load Balancers,Reverse Proxy runs as application process requires more memory/packet copying. Linux Virtual Server runs in kernelno memory,7/9/2001,Edward Chow Content Switch 15,Linux Virtual Server (LVS),“Virtual server is a highly scalable and highly avail
13、able server built on a cluster of real servers. The architecture of the cluster is transparent to end users, and the users see only a single virtual server” with Virtual IP address (VIP). Http:/www.linuxvirtualserver.org/,Internet,VIP,Load Balancer/Director Linux Box,WAN/ LAN,Real Server1,Real Serve
14、r2,Real Server3,RIP1,RIP2,RIP3,CIP,Client,CIP: Client IP Address VIP: Virutal IP Address RIP: Real Server IP Address,7/9/2001,Edward Chow Content Switch 16,LVS-NAT Configuration (Network Address Translation),All return traffic go through DirectorSlow Modify IP addr/port #/Checksum at Director Direct
15、or and real servers at same LAN No modification needed on real-servers Port remapping: real web server can run on 8080,Internet,VIP,Director,Real Server1,Real Server2,Real Server3,RIP1,RIP2,RIP3,CIP,Client,Switch,7/9/2001,Edward Chow Content Switch 17,LVS-NAT Configuration Step 2. Director routes Pk
16、t,Based on CIP, source port#, VIP and dst port#, director selects one of the real servers Change the dst IP addr or port # of pkt.,Internet,VIP,Director,Real Server1,Real Server2,Real Server3,RIP1,RIP2,RIP3,1. request,2. Scheduling/ Rewrite packet,CIP,Client,Switch,LVS Routing Scheduling Rules,ipvsa
17、dm cmd,7/9/2001,Edward Chow Content Switch 18,LVS-NAT Configuration Step 3. Real Server Replies,Real server retrieves response. All real servers set default gateway to Director; like any other NAT or IP masquerade setup Packet will be sent back to Director.,Internet,VIP,Director,Real Server1,Real Se
18、rver2,Real Server3,RIP1,RIP2,RIP3,1. request,2. Scheduling/ Rewrite packet,CIP,3. Process Request,Client,Switch,RIP1 CIP,7/9/2001,Edward Chow Content Switch 19,LVS-NAT Configuration Step 4. Director rewrites reply,Director changes the dst IP addr. (RIP1) of pkt to VIP Modify port # if needed. Modify
19、 the checksum; send back pkt.,Internet,VIP,Director,Real Server1,Real Server2,Real Server3,RIP1,RIP2,RIP3,1. request,2. Scheduling/ Rewrite packet,CIP,3. Process Request,4. Rewrite reply,Client,Switch,RIP1 CIP,7/9/2001,Edward Chow Content Switch 20,LVS-NAT Configuration (Network Address Translation)
20、,All return traffic go through DirectorSlow Modify IP addr/port #/Checksum at Director. Director and real servers at same LAN,Internet,VIP,Director,Real Server1,Real Server2,Real Server3,RIP1,RIP2,RIP3,1. request,2. Scheduling/ Rewrite packet,CIP,3. Process Request,4. Rewrite reply,5. Receive reply,
21、Client,Switch,RIP1 CIP,7/9/2001,Edward Chow Content Switch 21,LVS-NAT Setup Commands,# make the director forward the masquerading packets echo 1 /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward ipchains -A forward -j MASQ -s 172.16.0.0/24 -d 0.0.0.0/0 # Add virtual service and link a scheduler to it ipvsadm -A -t 202.
22、103.106.5:80 -s wlc (Weighted Least-Connection scheduling) ipvsadm -A -t 202.103.106.5:21 -s wrr (Weighted Round Robin scheduling ) #Add real servers and select forwarding method and weight ipvsadm -a -t 202.103.106.5:80 -R 172.16.0.2:80 -m ipvsadm -a -t 202.103.106.5:80 -R 172.16.0.3:8000 -m -w 2 i
23、pvsadm -a -t 202.103.106.5:21 -R 172.16.0.2:21 -m,7/9/2001,Edward Chow Content Switch 22,LVS-Tunnel Configuration (IP Tunneling),Real Servers need to handle IP over IP packets. Real Servers can be geographically separated and return traffic go through different routes. Security implication!,Internet
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