2018年全国高考英语语法填空专项复习liu.ppt

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1、2018年全国高考英语语法填空 专题复习,永州四中刘斌，新田一中罗亚芳,第一课时,解读高考真题,语法填空就是命题人在预先选好的一篇地道的英语美文中，在保证句子成分、结构和语法等有效解题信息基本完备的基础上，挖去10个空所为。这10个空又根据提示词的有无分为有提示词和无提示词两种，这两种题型究其实质还是对基本语法知识的考查。,题型 语法填空,高考怎么考,考纲解读,该题型把语法放在了语境中进行考查,把对考生的要求由一知半解甚至生搬硬套,提高到了自然、自发地运用语法知识进行表达的水平。这种题型要求考生必须掌握每一个语法项目的基本概念、用法等。,命题特点 最新高考考试大纲的说明中对语法填空这一题型的陈

2、述是:在一篇200词左右的语言材料中留出10个空白,部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式,要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容(1个单词)或所提供单词的正确形式。也就是说对于无提示词的空只能填1个单词,对于有提示词的空可以填13个单词。因此考生在复习语法知识时,要加强对词汇的运用能力,要掌握词形转换、固定短语搭配以及冠词、连词、代词、介词等的用法。,命题规律,【考情分析】,从统计表可以看出，语法填空题主要考查考生对语法、词汇和语用知识的掌握情况。根据具体语境，借助词法、句法、特殊句式以及固定搭配进行考査，体现了考查实词为主，考查虚词为辅的命题原则。,（一）2017全国卷解析,1.2017高考全国

3、卷,1.体裁：描述性的说明文。 2.话题（题材）：讲述了对于食物中的脂肪和盐分，人们的态度不一。脂肪和盐分对于健康来说是必不可少的，但如果人们摄入过多的脂肪和盐分，自身的健康将会受到损害。 3.长度：220词左右。 4.考查：着重考查语篇信息的理解，语法知识在语境中的灵活运用能力。,(2017全国卷) There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical comm

4、unity(医学界) 61._ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62._ (effect) such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the medical community was trying to fight.,Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required 63._ (process) the food that we eat, to reco

5、ver from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt 64._ (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something. As 65._ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even 66._ (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.

6、Fast food 67._ (be) full of fat and salt; by 68._ (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.,Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. However, be 69._ (care) not to go

7、to extremes. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70._ is not good for the health.,61as 解析：考查介词。分析句子结构可知，此处在句中作状语，表示“作为一种抵御心脏病的方式”，所以填as，意为“作为”。 62effects 解析：考查名词复数。这种趋势产生了一些意想不到的副作用。根据空前的“some”及空后的“such as overweight and heart disease”可知，此处指不止一种副作用，故用名词复数形式effects。 63to process 解

8、析：考查非谓语动词。be required to do sth.为固定用法。 64are removed 解析：考查时态和语态。本文的主体时态为一般现在时，此处亦应用一般现在时；又因fat and salt是动词remove的承受者，应用被动语态。所以此处填are removed。 65a 解析：考查冠词。as a result为固定搭配，意为“结果”。,66worse 解析：考查比较级。短语even worse意为“更糟糕的是”，表示意义的递进。故用worse。 67is 解析：考查时态和主谓一致。此处是对客观情况的描述，应用一般现在时；分析句子结构可知，该句缺少谓语动词，又因主语为Fast

9、 food，故填is。 68eating 解析：考查非谓语动词。介词by后跟名词、代词或动名词作宾语，故填eat的动名词形式eating。 69careful 解析：考查形容词。句意：然而，注意不要走极端。此处为形容词作表语，故填careful“当心的”构成系表结构。 70which 解析：考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，空处指代前句的内容，且在从句中作主语，故填关系代词which。,1.2017高考全国卷,1.体裁：描述性的说明文。 2.话题（题材）：文章主要介绍了1863年世界上第一座地铁在伦敦开通。地铁的开通缓解了繁重的交通压力，对当时和现在来说都是一个巨

10、大的进步。 3.长度：200词左右。 4.考查：着重考查语篇信息的理解，语法知识在语境中的灵活运用能力。,(2017全国卷)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible 61._(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and 62._ work. It took three ye

11、ars to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, 63._(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over 64._ top. When all those had been done, the road surface was replaced.,Steam engines 65._(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been 66._(fair)

12、 unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25，000 people were using 67._ every day.,Later, engineers 68._(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels(隧道), which became known as

13、 the Tube. This development was only possible with the 69._ (introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts. The Central London Railway was one of the most 70._(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had whitepainted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular wi

14、th the public.,61crowds 解析：考查名词复数。因为crowd为可数名词，并且其前没有限定词，所以此处用其复数形式。 62from 解析：考查介词。此处to and from work是指“当他们来回上下班时”。 63laying 解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，该句的主语为This，谓语动词included后由and连接了三个动名词短语作宾语。故填laying。 64the 解析：考查定冠词。此处指的是在顶端建造一个结实的顶，所以在top前加the。 65were used 解析：考查动词时态和语态。因为是介绍1863年的事情，而且Steam engines与us

15、e之间为被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。故填were used。,66fairly 解析：考查副词。此处fair是形容词，unpleasant也是形容词，所以要将fair变为副词来修饰形容词unpleasant，故在其前填fairly。 67it 解析：考查代词。根据上文的“the railway quickly”可知，此处用it代替the railway。 68managed 解析：考查动词时态。因为engineers与manage之间为主动关系，而且是发生在过去的事情，所以填managed。 69introduction 解析：考查词性转换。由前面的定冠词the可知，其后应接名词，故填

16、introduction。 70successful 解析：考查词性转换。根据语境并结合空前的the most可知，空处表达最高级意义。故填successful。,3.2017高考全国卷,1体裁：记叙文 2题材：讲述了16岁的Sarah在上学的同时兼职做模特，并且取得了巨大的成功；虽然她父亲希望她当全职模特，但是Sarah仍然坚持要完成学业。 3考查：主要考查了基础的词汇和语法知识。,(2017全国卷)She looks like any other schoolgirl, freshfaced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward

17、 to the challenge of her new Alevel course. But unlike her school friends ，16yearold Sarah is not spending halfterm 41._(rest). Instead, she is earning 6，500 a day as 42._ model in New York.,Sarah 43._(tell) that she could be Britains new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year. Her f

18、ather Peter, 44, wants her to give up school to model fulltime. But Sarah, 44._ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants 45._(prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. She is determined to carry on with her 46._(educate),She has turned down several 47._(invitation) to star at shows i

19、n order to concentrate on her studies. After school she plans to take a year off to model fulltime before going to university to get a degree 48._engineering or architecture.,Sarah says, “My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school 49._(come) first. I dont want to get too ab

20、sorbed in modeling. It is 50._(certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal. I dont want to have nothing else to fall back on when I cant model any more.”,41resting 解析：考查非谓语动词。spend time doing sth.是固定搭配，故填resting。 42a 解析：考查冠词。该空后面model是可数名词单数，此处表示“作为一名模特”，故填a。 43has been told/was told 解析：考查动词时态

21、和语态。此处动词tell与Sarah是被动关系，因为第二段在讲述父亲和Sarah的想法时都是用现在时，因此可以用现在完成时表达过去对现在的影响，故可以填has been told。此外，“被告知”这件事情发生在过去，故也可填was told。 44who 解析：考查定语从句。此句Sarah是主语，wants是主句谓语，因此可以判断此处是非限制性定语从句，先行词为Sarah，从句中缺主语且指人，故填who。 45to prove 解析：考查非谓语动词。want to do是固定搭配，故填to prove。,46education 解析：考查词性转换。形容词性物主代词her后需用educate的名

22、词形式，故填education。 47invitations 解析：考查名词单复数。invitation是可数名词，前面有several修饰，要用复数形式，故填invitations。 48in 解析：考查介词。degree与介词in搭配，表示在某方面的学位。故填in。 49comes 解析：考查动词时态。全文均为现在时，且school是第三人称单数，故填comes。 50certainly 解析：考查副词。此处fun是形容词，应该用副词来修饰形容词，故填certainly。,20162017年高考新课标全国卷语法填空考点统计,1.有提示词类试题比重大。表中统计表明，高考试题中语法填空题有提示

23、词类试题均占考查总量的70%。 2.动词为重中之重。谓语动词和非谓语动词用法为必考点。 3.派生词用法为必考点。以上四套试题中语法填空题均考查了派生词的用法。 4.考查特殊句式及固定搭配的用法。,题型特点,语法填空题包括短文型和对话型两种形式,侧重考查基础语法点在具体语篇中的综合运用,强调语言的交际功能。从该题型的命题形式上看,语法填空没有选项,要求考生结合上下文语境和已经掌握的语法和词汇知识填空,这对考生综合运用英语知识的能力提出了更高的要求。,1.选材特点,(1)短文型语法填空的文章选材一般以说明文为主,记叙文和议论文为辅。 (2)题材多样,话题符合考生的认知水平,贴近考生的日常生活。大部

24、分文章寓意深刻,对考生具有一定的教育意义。 (3)所选材料难度适中,与高中课本中的阅读材料难度相当,符合高中中等学生的阅读水平,篇章与语句的结构变化丰富多样。 (4)语言材料词数通常为200左右,一般没有生词、难词。,2.设题特点(1)语法填空题的设题形式有“有提示词“和“无提示词“两种。有提示词的包括词形转换(如形容词转换为副词、名词转换为形容词、形容词变比较级或最高级、动词的时态与语态的变化、名词单数变复数、非谓语动词的各种形式、代词的变化等),无提示词的包括介词、冠词、连词等的正确运用。 (2)语法填空题的语法考点一般会涉及78个,会有重复设置的考点,如动词的时态和语态、非谓语动词等。,

25、根据近三年的高考试题不难看出,高考语法填空试题的考点设置难易度适中,有提示词的题设置了7个左右,且多为实词,主要集中在形容词、非谓语动词、动词的时态、副词、代词等考点上。而无提示词的题设置了3个左右,多为虚词,以介词、冠词、连词为主。据此可以看出,无提示词的题加大了填空的难度,是语法填空的难点所在,也对考生能在上下文语境中灵活、正确运用英语知识的能力提出了很高的要求。所以考生在复习时一定要对词汇的用法加强巩固。,通过分析和研究近三年的新课标全国卷的语篇型语法填空题,我们可以看出该题型: 1.难度 语篇内容浅显易懂,情节完整丰富,句子结构简单,几乎没有生词。材料的难度适中,与以往的语法单向选择题

26、相比,在语篇中考查语法知识的难度有所下降。 2.设空 篇首一般不设空,为考生提供一个完整的信息,便于考生开篇明义。一般说来,一个句子只设一个空白,仅有少数并列句或者复合句偶尔设两个空白。,考情全揭秘,3.考查重点 试题主要从词法和句法两方面考查语法基础知识,兼顾考查行文逻辑、惯用法、构词法、固定短语或句型,重点考查动词的时态和语态、非谓语动词的形式、常用介词的用法和固定搭配中的介词、连词表达的逻辑关系、形容词或副词的句法功能和比较级与最高级、冠词的泛指和特指、人称代词和it 的用法、从句的引导词、名词的数等。,4.答案的规律无提示词类往往填冠词、代词、介词、连词、从句的引导词等。有提示词类的题

27、,给出的单词的词性最终变化是有规律可循的,动词最终变为不同的时态、语态或非谓语动词,形容词、副词最终为词性互变或变为比较级、最高级,名词最终变为复数形式或形容词等。,命题趋势,语篇型语法填空题考查考生在语境中正确运用语法知识和词汇知识的能力。设空方式分为有提示词类和无提示词类两种类型。从考查点看,动词的时态和语态及非谓语动词是考查的重点;其次是词性转换,其中以动词转换成名词、名词转换成形容词、形容词转换为副词为主;无提示词类填空以考查介词、连词、冠词为主。,【高考预测】,纵观近几年全国高考试题，预测2018年全国高考试题还会： 1. 文体以记叙文、说明文为主； 2. 上下文语境提示34个，单词

28、基本形式提示67个； 3. 侧重对词汇变形的考查。,1.核心语法，构建网络，不纠缠“偏难怪”词法、句法、章法是语法的灵魂，对于这三个要素要形成体系，不要支离破碎地学习，尽量掌握核心内容，不要把重心放在“偏难怪”且有争议的语法现象上。可以制作一个语法知识本，以梳理核心语法知识，形成自己的知识网络，进而提升借助语法进行阅读和写作的能力。,复习备考策略,2.复习中牢记常见的不可数名词，如advice, equipment, evidence, fun, furniture, information, luck, news, luggage/baggage, progress等牢记核心的词形变化，如w

29、armwarmth, argueargument, strongstrength, justjustice, unjustinjustice, explainexplanation等。,第二课时,语法填空技巧及应对策略,考纲解读,一篇200字左右的短文或对话,话题贴近学生生活。 能力考查： 理解语篇、句子结构、运用语法、单词短语,空格类型,有提示词,无提示词,2016-2017全国卷语法填空知识点分布,根据上表，我们知道，语法填空的考点或考查内容是： (1)纯空格题：通常考_ 等四类词。一个空格只能填 个单词,(2)有提示词题型：通常考 _、_、_、_等。一个空格可以填_个单词,冠词、介词、连

30、词和代词,一,动词,形容词和副词的比较等级,词性转换,一到两,名词,五个必考点： 连词、谓语动词、非谓语动词、介词、词形转换 四个常考点： 冠词、比较等级、名词复数、名词的所有格 四个可考点： 代词、助动词、情态动词、连接性副词,-,1.理解文意,2.分析句子,3.确定词汇,懂文意，明逻辑,句子类型，主从句，句子主干,词义、词性、词形,-,无提示词,冠词-a/an/the 泛指还是特指 介词-词义，搭配 代词-单复数，形容词性还是名词性，是否必要用反身代词 连词-逻辑关系 副词-疑问副词，连接副词,-,有提示词,给名词,给形容词,给动词,单复数,词性转换,变动词、名词、副词；比较级、最高级，反

31、义词等,谓语动词 非谓语动词,I无提示词类 首先,分析句子结构确定要填哪类词。然后,根据句子的意思及结构,确定具体填什么词。最后,根据上下文逻辑关系及语意确定具体用哪个词。解题时要注意以下6条规律: 1.缺少主语或宾语,要填代词 (1)缺主语 如果在谓语动词前挖空,答案应首先考虑代词。所填代词主要考虑以下两种情况: a.人称代词:人称代词主格he, she, they, it等,此时要根据语境,确定所代指的内容。 b.关系代词:在定语从句中作主语的关系代词that, which, who等。,典例1 2015新课标全国Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream plac

32、e for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River 64 are pictured by artists in so many . 解析 根据句子结构可知该空应填定语从句的关系词,先行词是the limestone mountain tops and dark waters,关系词在定语从句中作主语,故填that或which。 答案 that/which,典例2 2015长春第一次调研I can send a message to Kenya whenever I want to,

33、 and gets there almost in a second. 解析 and连接两个并列分句,and后面的分句缺主语,应填名词或代词;结合前一分句的意思不难推知,“马上可到达那里“的是message,替代上文出现的message用代词it。 答案 it,典例3 2014新课标全国Maybe you have a habit 67 is driving your family crazy. 解析 根据句子结构可知该空应填定语从句的关系词,先行词是a habit,关系词在定语从句中作主语,故填that或which。 答案 that/which (2)缺宾语 如果空前为及物动词、及物动词短语

34、或者介词,要考虑填代词,主要有以下两类: a.人称代词:人称代词宾格him, her, them, it等。 b.关系代词:在定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that, which, whom等。,典例4 2015广东Now it occurred to 25 that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck. 解析 现在他突然想到他的农场非常有潜力,奶牛的死也给他带来了点儿运气。It occurs to sb. that.“某人突然想到“,这是一个固定句型,因为这篇短文讲述的是Mr. J

35、ohnson的故事,故此处应用him指代Mr. Johnson。 答案 him,2.名词、代词、动名词前挖空,可以考虑用限定词或介词 (1)限定词 如果在名词前挖空,答案应首先考虑限定词。因为根据英语的习惯,名词前一般需要有限定词。限定词包括冠词(a, an, the)、物主代词(my, her等)、关系词(whose等)、疑问代词(what, which等)、不定代词(no, some, any, each, every, either, neither, many等)。,典例5 2015新课标全国The adobe dwellings (土坯房) 61(built) (build) by

36、the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even 62 most modern of architects and engineers. 解析 由关键词“most modern“ 可以判断,此处需用定冠词the,因为形容词最高级前通常用定冠词。 答案 the,典例6 2015郑州高三二模Wu Junqi has long been linked to alcohol. Of course hes not a drunkard (酒鬼). He actually rarely has a drink. 33-year

37、-old man is a bartender (调酒师) in a pub named “Shock“ in Beijing. 解析 33-year-old man为名词短语,其前挖空,答案应首先考虑限定词。前面已提到Wu Junqi,所以再次提到时应用定冠词the。 答案 The,典例7 2015秦皇岛高三一模Here is The Pines, cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou, wild boar, and reindeer with surprising sauces. Yo

38、u can enjoy delicious food in the restaurant. 解析 由挖空的特点可知此处答案很可能是限定词。冠词、物主代词、名词所有格在此处均不合适,根据语境可知The Pines与cook之间为所属关系,又因为空格后为一个句子,所以此处应用表示所属关系的关系代词引导定语从句,故此处填whose。 答案 whose,3.若两个或几个单词或短语之间或两个句子间没有连词,可能需要填连词,主要有表示并列关系的and和表示选择关系的or等。 典例8 2016四川It was time for her to have a new baby, 70 it was also t

39、ime for the young panda to be independent. 解析 由结构“It was time for her .“it was also time for.“可知,前后分句之间为逻辑上的并列关系,因此用and。 答案 and,典例9 2014新课标全国There were many people waiting at the bus stop, 62 some of them looked very anxious and 63(disappointed)(disappoint). 解析 由句意可知,前后分句为并列关系,故用and。 答案 and,典例10 201

40、6四川 66 it cried, she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats. 解析 分析句子结构可以看出,逗号前后为两个句子,却缺少连词,因此判断空格处需要从属连词,结合语境可知,两句话之间为时间或条件关系。 答案 When/If,4.若两句(一个主谓关系算一个句子)之间没有连词,也没有分号或句号,一般考虑填关系词或从属连词。,典例11 2014广东The next day, my brother and I went to the beach 24 we watched some people play v

41、olleyball. 解析 分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词beach,并在从句中作状语,故用关系副词where。 答案 where 5.若句子结构较完整,空格后的谓语动词是原形,且与上下文时态不一致或主谓不一致时,很可能填情态动词或表示强调或倒装的助动词(do, does, did等)。如果是一般疑问句则要考虑填助动词或情态动词(do, does, did, have, has, had, can, may等)。,典例12 2015银川二中模拟What is acceptable in one country be considered extremely rude in an

42、other. 解析 句中的“What is acceptable in one country“是主语从句,空格后的be considered是谓语;因其中的be是原形,故空格处应填情态动词或助动词does;由句意及作者的语气可知,此处需填表示“可能“的情态动词may。 答案 may,典例13 2014新课标全国Then the driver stood up and asked, “ 68 anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?“ 解析 句尾的问号提示该句为疑问句,“丢失“是发生在过去的动作,故答案为Did。 答案 Did6.形容词或副词前设空,表示

43、程度要考虑用how,so,too 等;名词前设空,如果是感叹句考虑用what等。,典例14 Teens came together to do projects for people who are old or poor to do them. 解析 根据语境可知空处表示程度,修饰old和poor,故此处要填程度副词too,构成“too+adj.+to do sth.“结构,表示“太而不能做某事“。 答案 too,总结：无提示词 “二步”准填无提示词,无提示词的考查中，当句中缺少主语或宾语时，一般要填代词，主要包括人称代词、关系代词以及it的用法。 示例1 (2017全国卷)Like any

44、thing, it is possible to have too much of both, 70._ is not good for the health. 解析 which 考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，空格处所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语，且指代整个主句的内容，故填关系代词which。,实战考点1 填代词,示例2 (2015浙江卷)How would you like _ if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it

45、 off without asking you? 解析 it 考查代词。it指代if you were watching.asking you这件事。,实战考点2 填介词 如果名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语时，其前面一般是填介词。通常考查介词与动词、名词、形容词的搭配。 示例1 (2017全国卷)After school she plans to take a year off to model fulltime before going to university to get a degree 48._engineering or architecture. 解析 in 考查介

46、词。关于某个专业的学位要用介词in。a degree in engineering or architecture工程学或建筑学学位。,示例2 (2017全国卷)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible 61.crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and 62._ work.

47、 解析 from 考查介词。travel to and from work上下班。故填from。 示例3 (2014全国卷)When the bus finally came，we all hurried on board.I got a place next 44._ the window，so I had a good view of the sidewalk. 解析 to 考查固定搭配中的介词。此处是一个固定短语next to，意为“挨着”。故答案为to。,实战考点3 填冠词 如果空格后有名词而且两者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含义，或者有序数词、最高级、表示特指意义的比较级等形式，那么空格处一般是填冠词。 示例1 (2017全国卷)It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, 63.laying the track and then building a strong roof over 64._ top. When all those had been done, the road surface was replaced. 解析 the 考查冠词。此处特指“地铁的顶部”，故用定冠词the。,