ASTM F1936-2010 Standard Specification for Impact Attenuation of Turf Playing Systems as Measured in the Field《现场测量草皮比赛系统冲击衰减作用的标准规范》.pdf

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1、Designation: F1936 10An American National StandardStandard Specification forImpact Attenuation of Turf Playing Systems as Measured inthe Field1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1936; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the

2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe impact attenuation of turf playing systems can be measured in a laboratory, but suc

3、h tests areoften conducted under optimal or tightly controlled conditions. To accurately assess the impactattenuation an athlete will encounter on an installed field, that specific field must be tested in situ. Thatobjective was the impetus for the development of this specification. Initially, the s

4、tated scope of thespecification was limited to measuring the impact attenuation of North American football fields. Thescope of the current revision encompasses a broader range of sport-specific field configurations anda protocol for conducting tests on multi-sport fields.1. Scope1.1 This specificati

5、on establishes an in situ test method andmaximum impact attenuation value for all types of turf playingsystems and for a number of sport-specific field layouts. It alsoincludes a protocol for determining test point locations onfields that are lined for multiple sports.1.1.1 Turf playing systems may

6、be located outdoors orindoors, and typically include field areas within the in-boundslines and areas outside the in-bounds lines extending tosport-specific limit lines; areas where an athlete should expectto encounter impact attenuation performance that complieswith this specification.1.1.2 Site-spe

7、cific conditions may exist wherein non-turfsurface materials, such as track surfacing and/or covers oversubsurface structures, are found within the boundaries of thelimit lines. These alternate surface materials are not included inthe scope of this specification.1.2 This specification establishes a

8、method for reporting testresults and identifying areas within an existing turf playingsystem where impact attenuation measurements exceed re-quired threshold values.1.3 Nothing in this specification is intended to imposelimitations on what fields can be tested, or how a particularfield can be used.

9、Test providers can adapt the procedures andguidelines contained herein to tests performed on any turfplaying system.1.4 This specification does not imply that an impact-relatedinjury cannot be incurred if a turf playing system complies withits g-max performance requirement.1.5 The values stated in i

10、nch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is

11、 theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F355 Test Method for Impact Attenuation of Playing Sur-face Systems and MaterialsF1

12、292 Specification for Impact Attenuation of SurfacingMaterials Within the Use Zone of Playground EquipmentF1551 Test Methods for Comprehensive Characterization ofSynthetic Turf Playing Surfaces and MaterialsF1702 Test Method for Measuring Shock-Attenuation Char-acteristics of Natural Playing Surface

13、 Systems UsingLightweight Portable ApparatusF2650 Terminology Relating to Impact Testing of SportsSurfaces and Equipment2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 6587 Paper, board and pulps Determination of1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the di

14、rect responsibility of Subcommittee F08.65 onArtificial Turf Surfaces and Systems.Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally approvedin 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F1936 07e1. DOI: 10.1520/F1936-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,

15、 www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.c

16、onductivity of aqueous extracts3NOTE 1Additional references are listed at the end of this specifica-tion.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: Except as noted, definitions in this standardare in accordance with Terminology F2650.3.1.1 abnormal dropany drop of the missile which, due tooperator or equipment

17、problem(s) or uncertainty, results in areading which is questionable.3.1.2 average g-maxsum of the g-max of the second andthird drops divided by two and rounded to the nearest wholenumber.3.1.3 combination turf systema turf playing system con-sisting of a natural turf surface which is enhanced by us

18、e ofsynthetic elements such as synthetic turf substructures, exclud-ing water/drainage systems and single layer mesh fabrics,which are used for the sole purpose of soil stabilization.3.1.4 drop testa set of three successive drops of theimpact missile at a test point, where each drop has beenperforme

19、d and recorded in accordance with prescribed guide-lines.3.1.5 infill turf systema turf playing system having a longpile height and one or more substances in the face of the fabricto provide desired performance properties. Infill materials caninclude sand, rubber, other substances, or combinationsth

20、ereof.3.1.6 impact velocitythe velocity of the missile as itimpacts the turf playing system.3.1.7 limit lineslimits beyond the in-bounds boundariesthat represent the extent to which the out-of-bounds areasshould remain free of hazards and obstructions, and where anathlete may anticipate consistent s

21、urface characteristics. Theselimits are defined by the appropriate governing body orregulating standard for each specific sport.3.1.8 natural turf systema turf playing system which iscomprised of living grass or similar plant materials which arerooted in soil.3.1.9 pilea surface texture composed of

22、many individualthin strands or groups of strands bound to a backing fabric ina repetitive array.3.1.10 pile layovera horizontal motion of the pile underthe influence of impact.3.1.11 restraining ringa rigid circular device with asmooth or polished surface, creating little or no friction, usedto rest

23、rict the horizontal movement of the missile at impact.3.1.12 synthetic turf systema composite of synthetic con-tact surface material, any fill material used in the contactsurface, energy absorbing material, fabric layers, adhesives, ifany, and other constructed layers (as applicable to the indi-vidu

24、al system).3.1.13 test pointa location on the turf playing system atwhich a series of measurements is taken.3.1.14 theoretical drop heightthe drop height (h) that,under standard conditions, would result in an impact velocityequal to a missiles measured impact velocity (Vo).4. Summary of Test Method4

25、.1 Turf playing systems are tested according to this speci-fication and Test Method F355, ProcedureA.Atheoretical dropheight of 24 in. (61 cm), as measured from the bottom of themissile face to the top of the turf playing system, shall be used.At each test point, the impact missile is dropped onto t

26、he turfplaying system three times, with an interval of 1.0 6 0.5 min(60 6 30 s) between successive drops. The g-max value foreach drop is recorded and reported. Following the third drop,the average g-max value for the test point is calculated andreported.5. Significance and Use5.1 Data obtained from

27、 the use of this specification areindicative of the impact attenuation performance of individualtest points on an installed turf playing system. The data may beused to make comparisons between values measured in accor-dance with this specification and performance requirementsherein or elsewhere spec

28、ified. Data may also be used todetermine the need for maintenance and or replacement of theturf playing system.6. Performance Requirements6.1 When tested in accordance with this specification, theaverage g-max at each test point shall be less than 200 gs.6.2 If a turf playing system is tested in acc

29、ordance with thisspecification, and the reported average g-max of one or moretest points is equal to or greater than 200 gs, the turf playingsystem should be brought into compliance and should not beused in the interim.6.3 Nothing in this specification is intended to keep anowner, architect, enginee

30、r or other specifier from establishingmore stringent performance requirements for a turf playingsystem. However, reports prepared in accordance with thisspecification shall assess performance per the requirementsdescribed in 6.1 and 6.2.7. Test Apparatus7.1 The impacting missile shall be cylindrical

31、 with a circu-lar, flat, metal, impacting surface. It shall weigh 20 lb (9.1 kg),and have a 20 in.2(129 cm2) surface face with the impactingedges slightly beveled to eliminate sharp edges. The design ofthe missile shall provide for mounting the accelerometer within61 of the vertical axis of the miss

32、ile, and allow the missile toachieve a velocity of 11.35 6 0.56 ft/s (3.46 6 0.17 m/s)(referenced in Section 27 of Test Methods F1551 as thevelocity corresponding to a theoretical drop height of 24 in. (61cm) at sea level) upon impact from the drop height.7.2 To restrict the influence of pile layove

33、r, the test equip-ment shall be designed to include a rigid restraining ring witha smooth or polished surface, creating little or no friction,having an interior dimension not to exceed the diameter of themissile by more than 0.039 in. (1 mm). The ring shall besecurely mounted horizontal to the surfa

34、ce such that a mini-mum of14 of the missile shall freely pass through it prior to3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.F1936 102striking the surface, ensuring a vertical impact and precludingthe missiles rebound

35、 onto the top of the ring. Other guidancesystems can be utilized, provided they do not allow lateralmovement greater than 0.039 in. (1 mm) upon impact andrebound of the missile.7.3 The test equipment shall have sufficient stability toeliminate undesirable vibrations in the apparatus which mightbe re

36、corded on the acceleration-time curve. It shall also allowsufficient vertical fall for the missile to achieve a velocitycorresponding to a theoretical drop height of 24 in. (61 cm).7.4 The signal from the acceleration transducer shall beconditioned with a low pass filter: complying to Channel Class1

37、000 as specified in Specification F1292 (ISO 6587).7.5 The acceleration recording system must be capable ofaccurately resolving the deceleration to a minimum of 61%oftrue value.7.6 The acceleration transducer must be capable of with-standing impacts of at least 1000 g without damage.7.7 The minimum

38、required system sampling rate is 20 000Hz.7.8 The test equipment shall be capable of visually display-ing and recording the acceleration-time curve of each drop.NOTE 2The Clegg Hammer, as defined in Test Method F1702,isnotan appropriate device for testing under this specification. Results obtainedwi

39、th a Clegg Hammer and subsequently adjusted by conversion factors orregression equations are not appropriate for inclusion in a report preparedin accordance with this specification.8. Test Point Locations8.1 The following sections describe suggested test pointlocations for each listed field configur

40、ation. The descriptionsare supplemented by accompanying illustrations. The numberof test points listed for each field configuration constitutes aminimum requirement. As noted in 8.11, additional points maybe tested.8.1.1 On fields lined for multiple sports, the selection of testpoint locations will

41、be determined by the sport which appearsfirst on the following list: football (American football, Cana-dian football, and rugby), soccer, mens lacrosse, womenslacrosse, baseball, softball, field hockey.8.1.2 Actual drop sites may be located anywhere within a 36in. (91 cm) radius of a described test

42、point location. Deviationsthat exceed this requirement must be recorded as site abnor-malities, per 11.1.15.8.1.3 This specification cannot anticipate all possible fieldconfigurations. Persons using it are expected to select the mostappropriate set of test points for the field being tested, fromamon

43、g the options specified below.8.2 Football (American football, Canadian football, andrugby) (see Fig. 1):8.2.1 Point 1Goal Line, End A, center of field;8.2.2 Point 210 Yard Line, End A, 63 ft from center offield to Side C;8.2.3 Point 325 Yard Line, End A, 40 ft from center offield to Side C;8.2.4 Po

44、int 4Center of the field;8.2.5 Point 525 Yard Line, End B, 63 ft from center offield to Side D;8.2.6 Point 612 Yard Line, End B, center of field;NOTETest points 7 and 8 are shown for information purposes only. Actual locations are selected at the time of the test and may vary from thoseillustrated.F

45、IG. 1 Test Point Locations for North American FootballF1936 1038.2.7 Point 7A test point selected by the tester, with theobjective of identifying and testing a high-wear area locatedwithin the limit lines but outside the in-bounds lines;8.2.7.1 Football limit lines are typically 12 ft beyond thein-b

46、ounds lines.8.2.8 Point 8A test point selected by the tester, with theobjective of identifying and testing an area within the limitlines (to include the in-bounds area) that may have differentimpact attenuation performance than points previously tested;8.2.9 Point 96 ft from the Goal Line to the bac

47、k of theEnd Zone, End A, center of field;8.2.10 Point 106 ft from the back of the End Zone to theGoal Line, End B, center of field.8.2.11 If the field is lined for Canadian football or rugby andnot for American football, refer to 8.9.1 for instructionsregarding test point placement.8.3 Soccer (see F

48、ig. 2):8.3.1 Point 1Penalty Kick Line, End A, center of field;8.3.2 Point 263 ft from center of field to corner of PenaltyBox, Touch Line C, EndA(use corner between EndAand HalfWay Line, closest to Touch Line C);8.3.3 Point 375 ft from Half-Way Line to End A, 40 ftfrom center of field to Touch Line

49、C;8.3.4 Point 4Half-Way Line, center of field;8.3.5 Point 575 ft from Half-Way Line to End B, 63 ftfrom center of field to Touch Line D;8.3.6 Point 612 the distance from Penalty RestrainingArcto leading edge of Penalty Box at End B, center of field;8.3.7 Point 7A test point selected by the tester, with theobjective of identifying and testing a high-wear area locatedanywhere within the limit lines, but outside the in-boundslines:8.3.7.1 Limit lines are 10 ft beyond the in-bounds lines onhigh school soccer fields, and 20 ft beyond the in