ASTM E3008 E3008M-2016 Standard Classification for Transportation Surface Elements&x2014 UNIFORMAT II《运输表面组件的标准分类 统一格式II》.pdf

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1、Designation: E3008/E3008M 16Standard Classification forTransportation Surface ElementsUNIFORMAT II1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3008/E3008M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r

2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard establishes a classification of transporta-tion surface elements within the UNIFORMAT II family ofelemental cl

3、assifications. It covers the full breadth of vehiculartransportation surfaces, from rural roads to multi-lane interstatehighways.1.2 UNIFORMAT II classifications have an elemental for-mat similar to the original UNIFORMAT2building elementalclassification. However, the title UNIFORMAT II differs from

4、the original in that it now takes into consideration a wide rangeof constructed entities that collectively form the built environ-ment.1.3 Elements, as defined here and in Classifications E1557and E2103/E2103M, are major physical components that arecommon within constructed entities. Elements perfor

5、m theirgiven function(s), regardless of the design specification, con-struction method, or materials used.1.4 This elemental classification serves as a consistentreference for analysis, evaluation, and monitoring during thefeasibility, planning, and design stages when constructingtransportation surf

6、aces.1.5 Using UNIFORMAT II elemental classifications ensuresa consistency in the economic evaluation of constructionprojects over time and from project to project.1.6 UNIFORMAT II classifications also enhance reportingat all stages of a constructed entitys life cyclefrom feasibil-ity and planning t

7、hrough the preparation of workingdocuments, construction, maintenance, rehabilitation, and dis-posal.1.7 This classification is unsuitable for process applicationsor for preparing trade estimates.1.8 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. T

8、he values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated

9、 with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE833 Terminology of B

10、uilding EconomicsE917 Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildingsand Building SystemsE964 Practice for Measuring Benefit-to-Cost and Savings-to-Investment Ratios for Buildings and Building SystemsE1057 Practice for Measuring Internal Rate of Return andAdjusted Internal Rate of Return for In

11、vestments inBuildings and Building SystemsE1074 Practice for Measuring Net Benefits and Net Savingsfor Investments in Buildings and Building SystemsE1121 Practice for Measuring Payback for Investments inBuildings and Building SystemsE1185 Guide for Selecting Economic Methods for Evaluat-ing Investme

12、nts in Buildings and Building SystemsE1369 Guide for Selecting Techniques for Treating Uncer-tainty and Risk in the Economic Evaluation of Buildingsand Building SystemsE1699 Practice for Performing Value Engineering (VE)/Value Analysis (VA) of Projects, Products and ProcessesE1804 Practice for Perfo

13、rming and Reporting Cost AnalysisDuring the Design Phase of a ProjectE1946 Practice for Measuring Cost Risk of Buildings andBuilding Systems and Other Constructed ProjectsE2013 Practice for Constructing FAST Diagrams and Per-forming Function Analysis During Value Analysis StudyE2506 Guide for Develo

14、ping a Cost-Effective Risk Mitiga-tion Plan for New and Existing Constructed Facilities1This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.81on Building Economics.Current edition approved June 1, 2016. P

15、ublished June 2016. DOI: 10.1520/E3008_E3008M-16.2The original UNIFORMAT classification was developed jointly by the GeneralServices Administration (GSA) and the American Institute of Architects (AIA).3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servi

16、ce at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E2691 Practice for Job Productivity Measuremen

17、t2.2 ASTM UNIFORMAT II Classification Standards Fam-ily:3E1557 Classification for Building Elements and RelatedSiteworkUNIFORMAT IIE2083 Classification for Building Construction FieldRequirements, and Office Overhead facili-ties programmers; designers, including engineers; and projectcontrols specia

18、lists, including cost planners, estimators,schedulers, specification writers, and risk analysts.4.2.3 Facilities ManagementComprising property portfo-lio managers, operating staff, and maintenance staff.4.2.4 OthersPublic officials, manufacturers, educators,students, and other project stakeholders.4

19、.3 Apply This Classification When Undertaking the Fol-lowing Work on Transportation Surface Projects:54.3.1 Financing and Investing:4.3.1.1 Structuring costs on an elemental basis for economicevaluations (Guide E1185 and Practices E917, E964, E1057,E1074, E1121, and E1804) early in the design proces

20、s helpsreduce the cost of early financial analysis and can contribute tosubstantial design and operational savings before decisionshave been made that limit options for potential savings.4.3.2 Implementing:4.3.2.1 Cost Modeling, Cost Planning, Estimating and Con-trolling Project Time and Cost During

21、 Planning, Design, andConstructionUse the transportation surface UNIFORMAT IIclassification to prepare budgets and to establish elemental costplans before design begins. Project managers and projectcontrols specialists use these cost plans against which tomeasure and control project cost, and qualit

22、y, and to setdesign-to-cost targets.4.3.2.2 Conducting Value Engineering WorkshopsConducting value engineering workshops (Practices E1699 andE2013). Use this classification as a checklist to ensure thatalternatives for all elements of significant cost in the transpor-tation surface project are analy

23、zed in the creativity phase of thejob plan. Also, use the elemental cost data to expedite thedevelopment of cost models for transportation surface systems.4.3.2.3 Developing Initial Project Master SchedulesSinceprojects are essentially built element by element, UNIFOR-MAT II classifications are an a

24、ppropriate basis for preparingconstruction schedules at the start of the design process.Project managers and project controls specialists use these time4Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJE091703. Original adjunct produced in 1984.5For a more comprehensive discussion

25、 of the uses of UNIFORMAT II, seeBowen, Charette, and Marshall, UNIFORMAT IIA Recommended Classificationfor Building Elements and Related Sitework, National Institute of Standards andTechnology, Special Publication 841, Gaithersburg, MD, 1992; Charette andMarshall, UNIFORMAT II Elemental Classificat

26、ion for Building Specifications,Cost Estimating, and CostAnalysis, National Institute of Standards and Technology,NISTIR 6389, Gaithersburg, MD, 1999; and Kasi and Chapman, Benefits of UsingASTM Building Economics Standards for the Design, Construction, and Operationof Constructed Facilities, Nation

27、al Institute of Standards and Technology, SpecialPublication 1098, Gaithersburg, MD, 2012.E3008/E3008M 162plans against which to measure and control project time(Practice E2691), and to set milestone target dates.4.3.2.4 Performing Risk AnalysesSimulation (GuidesE1369 and E2506) is one technique for

28、 developing probabilitydistributions of transportation surface costs when evaluatingthe economic risk in undertaking a transportation surfaceproject. Use individual elements and group elements in thisclassification for developing probability distributions of el-emental costs. From these distribution

29、s, build up probabilitydistributions of total costs to establish project contingencies(Practice E1946 and Classification E2168) or to serve as inputsto an economic analysis.4.3.2.5 Structuring Preliminary Project Descriptions Dur-ing the Conceptual Design PhaseThis classification facili-tates the de

30、scription of the scope of the project in a clear,concise, and logical sequence for presentation to the client; itprovides the basis for the preparation of more detailed elemen-tal estimates during the early concept and preliminary designphases, and it enhances communication between designers andclie

31、nts by providing a clear statement of the designers intent.4.3.2.6 Coding and Referencing Standard Details inComputer-Aided Design SystemsThis classification allows adesigner, for example, to reference an assembly according tothis classifications element designations and build up a data-base of stan

32、dard details. This is particularly appropriate todesign modeling and building information modeling (BIM)applications.4.3.3 Managing Facilities:4.3.3.1 Recording and writing property condition assess-ment reports in a structured way, using UNIFORMAT IIclassifications, provides for a consistent, acces

33、sible, andsearchable database of real property inventory.4.3.4 Other Activities:4.3.4.1 Structuring cost manuals and recordingconstruction, operating, and maintenance costs in a computerdatabase. Having a cost manual or computer database in anelemental format assists the preparation of an economican

34、alysis early in the design stage and at a reasonable cost.5. Basis of Classification5.1 The framework in Fig. 1 shows the various constructedentities that collectively are used to create the built environ-ment. Each entity is treated as a module. Appropriate modulesused together will effectively des

35、cribe any planned or builtdevelopment. This standard classification describes exclusivelythe elements that make up one of those constructed entities,transportation surface, shown as the shaded block under theheading of Heavy (Civil) Entities.5.1.1 This transportation surface classification is applic

36、ableto the full breadth of vehicular transportation surfaces. Theclassification includes unpaved roads, paved roads, and dividedhighways. The classification does not include the followingtypes of transportation surfaces: driveways, railroads, andrunways.5.2 The classification is consistent with typi

37、cal costingpractices used at the conceptual design phase.5.3 Each element has a significant impact on the cost, and itusually occurs frequently.5.4 Each element performs a specific function.5.5 Table 1 divides the classification of transportation sur-face elements into three hierarchical levels: Lev

38、el 1MajorGroup Elements, Level 2Group Elements, and LevelFIG. 1 List of Constructed Entities Suitable for Inclusion in the Family of UNIFORMAT II Elemental ClassificationsE3008/E3008M 1633Individual Elements. The Major Groups are listed in thenormal chronological order of construction.5.6 Sub-Classi

39、fications (not included in this standard) arenamed Sub-Elements and comprise as many hierarchical levels(Level 4 and below) as are deemed appropriate to the needs ofthat specific example.5.7 The decision as to where among the classificationelements to include specific construction items will rely on

40、professional judgment as to where professionals in currentpractice normally look for such items.5.8 Only items that impact the choice and cost of the surfacetransportation elements are included. Other civil works in thetransportation system are not included. Consequently, thisclassification does not

41、 include utilitiespipelines (water, natu-ral gas, and petroleum) and transmission lines (electrical,communication, and video)sharing the same right of way asthe transportation system.5.9 Elements, as used and defined in UNIFORMAT II, willideally display the following additional attributes:5.9.1 Capa

42、ble of being defined precisely;5.9.2 Self explanatory;5.9.3 Separable at all stages of development;5.9.4 Quantifiable at all stages of development;5.9.5 Capable of reconciliation with other elemental classi-fications;5.9.6 Allow comparisons, project to project, in a meaningfulway;5.9.7 Is a function

43、al component of the constructed entity.5.10 Sitework elements are provided for exclusive use insupport of the construction of transportation surfaces, not toclassify elements of major civil construction works. Siteworkelements presented in Table 1 are designed to provide sufficientdetail to planners

44、 so they will not need to resort to otherelemental classifications when working on a transportationsurface project.6. Description of UNIFORMAT II TransportationSurface Elements and Units of Measure6.1 Elements and FunctionsTable 2 provides, for eachLevel 3 Individual Element, the name, description,

45、inclusions,exclusions, and unit of measure.6.2 DescriptionThe element descriptions help you under-stand the purpose and application of the element.6.3 IncludesThe purpose of the element inclusions is tolist features that make up the element.6.4 ExcludesThe purpose of the element exclusions is tolist

46、 features that are not included in the element but which areincluded elsewhere in this classification.TABLE 1 UNIFORMAT II Classification of Transportation Surface ElementsLevel 0 Classification ID: TRAN 02Level 1Major Group ElementsLevel 2Group ElementsLevel 3Individual ElementsA Sub-grade A10 Eart

47、hwork A1010 Excavation and FillA1020 DitchesA1030 Water Detention / RetentionA1040 Erosion ControlA20 Structures A2010 Retaining WallsA2020 CulvertsB Travelled Way B10 Main B1010 SurfaceB1020 BaseB20 Edge B2010 ShoulderB2020 Multi-Use PathB2030 CurbB2040 BarrierB2050 MedianC Services C10 Intelligent

48、 Transportation C1010 Security / Surveillance SystemsC1020 Tolling DevicesC1030 Dynamic Message SignsC1040 Lane Utilization SystemsC20 Utilities C2010 PowerC2020 CommunicationsC2030 Storm SewerC2040 Other UtilitiesD Protection D10 Traffic D1010 SignsD1020 SignalsD1030 MarkingsD1040 LightingC20 Prope

49、rty D2010 FenceD2020 Noise InhibitorsE Site Work E10 Preparation E1010 Clearing and GrubbingE1020 Wildlife ProtectionE1030 Wetland ProtectionE1040 Demolition / RelocationE1050 Pavement RemovalE1060 Special / Hazardous Waste TreatmentE20 Restoration E2010 LandscapingE2020 Environmental Restoration / ReplacementE3008/E3008M 164TABLE 2 Description of UNIFORMAT II Transportation Surface Elements and Units of MeasureA SUB-GRADEA10 EarthworkA1010 Excavation and FillDescription Excavation, placement, and compaction of material for the purposes of modifying exist