ASTM E1742-2006 Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination《放射照象检验标准实用规程》.pdf

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1、Designation: E 1742 06Standard Practice forRadiographic Examination1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1742; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indi

2、cates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice2establishes the minimum requirements forradiographic examination for metallic and nonmetallic materi-als.1.2 ApplicabilityThe criteria for the rad

3、iographic exami-nation in this practice are applicable to all types of metallic andnonmetallic materials. The requirements expressed in thispractice are intended to control the quality of the radiographicimages and are not intended to establish acceptance criteria forparts and materials.1.3 Basis of

4、 ApplicationThere are areas in this practicethat may require agreement between the cognizant engineeringorganization and the supplier, or specific direction from thecognizant engineering organization. These items should beaddressed in the purchase order or the contract.1.3.1 DoD contracts.1.3.2 Pers

5、onnel qualification, 5.1.1.1.3.3 Agency qualification, 5.1.2.1.3.4 Digitizing techniques, 5.4.5.1.3.5 Alternate image quality indicator (IQI) types, 5.5.3.1.3.6 Examination sequence, 6.6.1.3.7 Non-film techniques, 6.7.1.3.8 Radiographic quality levels, 6.9.1.3.9 Film density, 6.10.1.3.10 IQI qualifi

6、cation exposure, 6.13.3.1.3.11 Non-requirement for IQI, 6.18.4.1.3.12 Examination coverage for welds, A2.2.2.1.3.13 Electron beam welds, A2.3.1.3.14 Geometric unsharpness, 6.23.1.3.15 Responsibility for examination, 6.27.1.1.3.16 Examination report, 6.27.2.1.3.17 Retention of radiographs, 6.27.8.1.3

7、.18 Storage of radiographs, 6.27.9.1.3.19 Reproduction of radiographs, 6.27.10 and 6.27.10.1.1.3.20 Acceptable parts, 6.28.1.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish app

8、ro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice tothe extent specified herein:2.2 ASTM Standards:3E 543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-tive

9、TestingE 747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and MaterialGrouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators(IQI) Used for RadiologyE 801 Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Ex-amination of Electronic DevicesE 999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Ra-diographic Film

10、ProcessingE 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi-cators (IQI) Used for RadiologyE 1030 Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Me-tallic CastingsE 1032 Test Method for Radiographic Examination ofWeldmentsE 1079 Practice for Ca

11、libration of Transmission Densitom-etersE 1165 Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots ofIndustrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole ImagingE 1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and UnexposedIndustrial Radiographic FilmsE 1255 Practice for RadioscopyE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE 139

12、0 Guide for Illuminators Used for Viewing IndustrialRadiographsE 1411 Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic SystemsE 1416 Test Method for Radioscopic Examination of Weld-mentsE 1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems forIndustrial Radiography2.3 AWS Document:1This practice is under t

13、he jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 onRadiology (X and Gamma) Method.Current edition approved July 1, 2006. Published July 2006. Originally approvedin 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E 1742 - 05.2Thi

14、s practice replaced MIL-STD-453.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International

15、, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.AWS A2.4 Symbols for Welding and Nondestructive Test-ing42.4 Aerospace Industries Association Document:NAS 410 Certification mechanical devices (see Footnote B).BCalibrated and recorded in accordance with MIL-STD-4

16、5662, ANSI Z-540, orISO 10012, as applicable.CDocumentation of this check not required.DMeasured and recorded when solutions are changed during preventativemaintenance or repair.EMeasured and recorded during preventative maintenance or repair andrecorded.FTemperatures shall be checked prior to each

17、use. Daily documentation of thischeck is required.GEach shift or when maintenance is performed (bulb or aperture changed).HEvery 90 days or whenever the densitometer verification check is not withintolerance.E1742064radiographic standards shall include the grade level for eachtype of discontinuity p

18、ermitted for each part or zone.NOTE 3Information on reference radiographs can be obtained fromthe Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03 or from ASTM Head-quarters.6.3 Surface PreparationComponents may be examinedwithout surface preparation or conditioning except as requiredto remove surface condi

19、tions that may interfere with properinterpretation of radiographs.6.3.1 Castings, forgings, and weldments may be radio-graphed in the as-cast, as-forged, or as-welded conditionsprovided the following requirements are met.6.3.1.1 For castings and forgings, the surface condition shallnot interfere wit

20、h evaluation.6.3.1.2 Accessible surfaces of welds shall be prepared inaccordance with A2.1.6.4 Radiographic IdentificationEach radiograph shallcarry the identification or serial number of the component andview number, when multiple views are taken. Each radiographshall also carry the identification

21、of the NDT facility inspectingthe component and the date of the examination. Radiographs ofa repair area shall be identified with R1, R2, R3, and so forth,indicating the number of times that repairs were attempted. Forexplosives and propellants, the conditioning temperature shallbe identified on eac

22、h X-ray film if the ordnance has beenconditioned to a temperature other than facility ambient forpurposes of examination.6.5 Examination and CoverageThe number of parts ex-amined, and the radiographic coverage of each part shall be asspecified by drawings, radiographic techniques, radiographicmanual

23、s, handbooks for aircraft technical orders, or otherspecifications, as applicable. Areas to be examined shall beidentified on the drawing by using the symbols in accordancewithANSI/AWS A2.4 or other systems of designations that areeasily identified on the drawing. If the number of parts to beexamine

24、d and the amount of coverage of each part is notspecified, all parts shall be examined and shall receive 100 %radiographic coverage.6.6 Examination SequenceThe sequence for radiographicexamination in the production operation should be specified inthe manufacturing or assembly process specification,

25、contract,or purchase order. If not specified, radiographic examinationshall be performed at a stage in the process of manufacturingor assembly at which discontinuities can be detected. Radio-graphic examination may be performed before heat treatment,provided liquid penetrant or magnetic particle exa

26、minations areperformed after heat treatment.6.7 Nonfilm TechniquesWhen permitted by purchase or-der, contract, or specification, radioscopic examination shall bein accordance with Practice E 1255 and appropriate annex.Qualification of radioscopic systems shall be in accordancewith Practice E 1411. P

27、rior approval of the detailed examina-tion, evaluation, and quality control procedures shall be ob-tained from the Level III radiographer of the cognizantengineering organization (see 5.1.1).6.8 Multi-Film TechniquesFilm techniques with two ormore films of the same or different speeds in the same fi

28、lmholder, to be used in either single or superimposed filmviewing, shall be permitted provided that the applicable radio-graphic quality level, and film density requirements (see 6.9and 6.10), are achieved for the area of interest.6.9 Radiographic Quality LevelsThe five quality levelslisted in Table

29、 3 may be assigned on the basis of IQI thicknessand the perceptibility of one, two, or three holes in thehole-type IQI image on the radiograph. If the quality level isnot specified on the drawing or other applicable documents, itshall be Level 2-2T. Unless otherwise specified by the cogni-zant engin

30、eering organization, hole-type IQIs used for exami-nation of material 0.25 in. or less in thickness shall be 0.005-in.minimum thickness.6.10 Film DensityFor single-film viewing, the film den-sity shall be $1.5 in the area of interest. Where superimposedfilm viewing is used, the film density of the s

31、uperimposed filmsshall be from 2.0 in the area of interest, and each individualfilm shall not have a film density below 1.0 in the area ofinterest. Film densities above 4.0 are permitted when agreedupon between the cognizant engineering organization and theNDT facility. In no case shall the maximum

32、film densityexceed 4.5. For single-film viewing, film densities less than 1.5are permitted only when items not requiring an IQI (see 6.18)are inspected. The maximum readable film density depends onthe film viewer used and its maximum luminance (see 6.27.4).The maximum readable film density shall alw

33、ays be posted onthe viewer.6.11 Processing RadiographsRadiographs shall be freefrom blemishes which may interfere with film interpretation.6.12 IQI SelectionThe IQI thickness shall be based on athickness not greater than the nominal thickness to be radio-graphed. For double-wall exposures and double

34、-wall viewingtechniques, the IQI shall be based on the double-wall thicknessof the component. The IQI thicknesses that are in between, orsmaller than, the thickness increments in Fig. A1.1 (forexample, a hole-type IQI that is 0.0025 or 0.006 in. thick) maybe used but are not mandatory. For double-wa

35、ll exposures andsingle-wall viewing techniques, the IQI shall be based on thesingle-wall thickness of the component. In no case shall the IQIthickness be based on a thickness greater than the thickness tobe radiographed. For fabrication welds the IQI shall be selectedin accordance with Annex A2. For

36、 explosive/propellants,rocket motors, and their components, IQI selection shall be asspecified in accordance with Annex A3.6.13 Placement of IQIsAn IQI shall be placed on eachpart radiographed for the duration of exposure, unless anumber of identical parts are simultaneously exposed on aTABLE 3 Qual

37、ity Levels of ExaminationIQI DesignationRadiographicQuality LevelMaximum IQIThickness, %AMinimum HoleDiameterBEquivalent IQISensitivity, %C00 11T 1 1T 0.70 12T 1 2T 1.01 21T 2 1T 1.42 22T 2 2T 2.03 24T 2 4T 2.8AExpressed as a percentage of material thickness.BExpressed as multiple thickness of IQI.C

38、Equivalent IQI sensitivity is that thickness of the IQI expressed as a percent-age of the specimen thickness in which a 2T hole would be clearly visible under thesame radiographic conditions.E1742065single film. In such a case, a single IQI shall be placed upon thesource side of a part at the outer

39、edge of the cone of radiationor farthest extremity of the exposure setup (that is, farthestfrom the radiation beam centerline). For examination ofirregular objects, the IQI shall be placed on the area of the partfarthest from the film. The IQIs shall be placed adjacent to thearea of interest, since

40、accept/reject decisions cannot be made inthe area directly beneath the IQI. Where it is not practicable toplace the IQI on the part, the separate block technique in6.13.1, or the film-side technique in 6.13.2, may be used asapplicable.6.13.1 Shim, Separate Block, or Like-Section IQITechniqueWhere it

41、 is impractical to place the IQI upon thepart radiographed, the IQI may be placed on the source side ofa separate shim, block, or like section, from the same materialgroup (or material that is radiographically similar, see 5.5.2).The shim, block, or like section and IQI shall be placed on theouter e

42、dge of the cone of radiation. The shim, block, or likesection shall exceed the IQI dimensions so that at least threesides of the IQI shall be visible on the radiograph. If required,the shim shall be placed on a low absorptive material (such aspolystyrene plastic or its equivalent) to ensure that the

43、 IQI shallnot be any closer to the film than the source side of the part, orarea of interest being evaluated.6.13.2 Film-Side IQI PlacementWhen examining double-walled parts such as tubing or hollow castings, and it is notpractical to place an IQI on the source side of the part, IQIsmay be placed on

44、 the film side of the part as specified in6.13.2.1 and 6.13.2.2. A letter “F” shall be placed adjacent tothe IQI.6.13.2.1 Film-Side IQIs (Double Wall-Double Image)When performing double-wall radiography in which both wallsare viewed for acceptance, the film-side radiographic techniqueshall be demons

45、trated on an exposure of a like section in whichthe required IQI shall be placed on the source side, and sets ofwire IQIs, (or a series of hole-type IQIs) ranging in thicknessfrom that of the required IQI to one fourth that thickness shallbe placed on the film side. If the required IQI on the source

46、 sideindicates the specified radiographic quality level, then theimage of either the smallest IQI hole in the thinnest IQI, or theimage of the smallest wire, visible on the film side, shall beused to determine the proper film-side IQI to be used forproduction radiographs.6.13.2.2 Film-Side IQIs (Dou

47、ble Wall-Single Image)When performing double-wall radiography in which only thewall portion next to the film is viewed for acceptance, thefilm-side radiographic technique shall be demonstrated on anexposure of a like section in which the required IQI is placedon the inside of the part and a set of I

48、QIs, as specified in6.13.2.1, are placed on the film side. If the IQI on the insideindicates the required radiographic quality level, then theimage of either the smallest IQI hole in the thinnest IQI, or theimage of the smallest wire, visible on the film side, shall beused to determine the proper fi

49、lm-side IQI to be used forproduction radiographs.6.13.3 IQI Qualification ExposureWhen included in thewritten procedure and approved by the Level III radiographerof the cognizant engineering organization, a single exposurewith the applicable IQI may be made to qualify the examina-tion process.6.13.3.1 Qualification ExposureWhen it is impractical tocontinually place IQIs on a part requiring more than oneexposure, a single exposure of the IQI may be made to qualifythe examination process.As long as the radiographic techniqueis not changed, subsequent expo