ASTM E1742 E1742M-2018 Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination《射线照相检验的标准实施规程》.pdf

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1、Designation: E1742/E1742M 18Standard Practice forRadiographic Examination1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1742/E1742M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare

2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This practice2establishes the minimum requirements forradiogra

3、phic examination for metallic and nonmetallic materi-als.1.2 ApplicabilityThe criteria for the radiographic exami-nation in this practice are applicable to all types of metallic andnonmetallic materials. The requirements expressed in thispractice are intended to control the quality of the radiograph

4、icimages and are not intended to establish acceptance criteria forparts and materials.1.3 Basis of ApplicationThere are areas in this practicethat may require agreement between the cognizant engineeringorganization and the supplier, or specific direction from thecognizant engineering organization. T

5、hese items should beaddressed in the purchase order or the contract.1.3.1 DoD contracts.1.3.2 Personnel qualification, 5.1.1.1.3.3 Agency qualification, 5.1.2.1.3.4 Digitizing techniques, 5.4.5.1.3.5 Alternate image quality indicator (IQI) types, 5.5.3.1.3.6 Examination sequence, 6.6.1.3.7 Non-film

6、techniques, 6.7.1.3.8 Radiographic quality levels, 6.9.1.3.9 Optical density, 6.10.1.3.10 IQI qualification exposure, 6.13.3.1.3.11 Non-requirement for IQI, 6.18.1.3.12 Examination coverage for welds, A2.2.2.1.3.13 Electron beam welds, A2.3.1.3.14 Geometric unsharpness, 6.23.1.3.15 Responsibility fo

7、r examination, 6.27.1.1.3.16 Examination report, 6.27.2.1.3.17 Retention of radiographs, 6.27.8.1.3.18 Storage of radiographs, 6.27.9.1.3.19 Reproduction of radiographs, 6.27.10 and 6.27.10.1.1.3.20 Acceptable parts, 6.28.1.1.4 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be

8、regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the

9、safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-

10、dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 The f

11、ollowing documents form a part of this practice tothe extent specified herein:2.2 ASTM Standards:3E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination Using IndustrialRadiographic FilmE543 Specification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Group-ing Class

12、ification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI)Used for RadiologyE801 Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Ex-amination of Electronic DevicesE999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radio-graphic Film ProcessingE1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Cla

13、ssification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-dicators (IQI) Used for Radiography1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 onRadiology (X and Gamma) Method.Current edition approved March 1, 2018. Publ

14、ished March 2018. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E1742/E1742M 12.DOI: 10.1520/E1742_E1742M-18.2This practice replaced MIL-STD-453.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annua

15、l Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis internati

16、onal standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committ

17、ee.1E1030 Practice for Radiographic Examination of MetallicCastingsE1032 Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Weld-mentsE1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-etersE1165 Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots ofIndustrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole ImagingE1254 Guide for Stor

18、age of Radiographs and UnexposedIndustrial Radiographic FilmsE1255 Practice for RadioscopyE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1390 Specification for Illuminators Used for Viewing In-dustrial RadiographsE1411 Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic SystemsE1416 Practice for Radioscopi

19、c Examination of WeldmentsE1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems forIndustrial RadiographyE2033 Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Com-puted Radiography (Photostimulable LuminescenceMethod)E2698 Practice for Radiological Examination Using DigitalDetector Arrays2.3 AWS Document

20、:AWS A2.4 Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, andNondestructive Examination42.4 Aerospace Industries Association Document:NAS 410 Certification mechanical devices (see Footnote B).BCalibrated and recorded in accordance with ANSI Z540-3, or ISO 10012, asapplicable.CDocumentation of this check not

21、required.DMay be extended to weekly when substantiated by actual technical/reliabilitydata and approved by the cognizant engineering organization.EMeasured and recorded when solutions are changed during preventativemaintenance or repair.FMeasured and recorded during preventative maintenance or repai

22、r.GTemperatures shall be checked prior to each use. Daily documentation of thischeck is required.HEach shift or when maintenance is performed (bulb or aperture changed).IEvery three months or whenever the densitometer verification check is not withintolerance.JFixed viewing locations with acceptable

23、 and controlled ambient lighting condi-tions need not be re-verified as long as those conditions are maintained.E1742/E1742M 184certification of compliance with respect to alloy and dimen-sions. Users shall visually inspect IQIs for damage,chamfering, and cleanliness in accordance with Table 2.6. De

24、tail Requirements6.1 Written ProcedureIt shall be the responsibility of theNDT facility to develop a workable examination techniquerecorded as a written procedure that is capable of consistentlyproducing the desired results and radiographic quality level.When required by contract or purchase order,

25、the procedureshall be submitted to the cognizant engineering organizationfor approval. The written procedure shall contain, as aminimum, the following information:6.1.1 A drawing, sketch, or photograph of the componentshowing the location of the film and IQI with respect to theradiation source for e

26、ach exposure.6.1.2 The angle of the radiation beam in relation to thecomponent, the source-to-film distance, and any blocking ormasking, if used.6.1.3 Part zones, if applicable, should be included (see 6.2).This may be accomplished through drawings and tables or byreference to documents where such i

27、nformation is found.6.1.4 The nominal exposure for X-ray machines, thevoltage, milliamps, time (or rads as applicable), and effectivefocal spot size. For radioisotope sources, the isotope type,source strength (curies), exposure time, and source size.6.1.5 Film designation (for example, brand, type,

28、and pro-cessing parameters), intensifying screens (for example, typeand thickness of screens), or filters (for example, filter material,thickness, and location) if used, film loading instructions (forexample, when using multiple film exposure techniques), andthe desired optical density range.6.1.6 T

29、hickness and type of material.6.1.7 The IQI size and type, and the required radiographicquality level. If alternate IQIs are used (see 5.5.3), includedetails of the design or reference to documents where suchinformation is found.6.1.8 Thickness and type of material for shims or blocks, orboth, if us

30、ed.6.1.9 Name and address of the NDT facility and the date, orrevision, of the procedure.6.1.10 Radiographic identification scheme used to correlatepart-to-film. If the examination procedures are similar formany components, a master written procedure may be usedthat covers the details common to a va

31、riety of components.Allwritten procedures shall be approved by an individual qualifiedand certified as a Level III for radiography in accordance with5.1.1.6.2 Acceptance RequirementsWhen examination is per-formed in accordance with this practice, engineering drawings,specifications, or other applica

32、ble documents shall indicate thecriteria by which the components are judged acceptable.Complex components may be divided into zones and separatecriteria assigned to each zone in accordance with its designrequirements. When used, direct references toASTM referenceradiographic standards shall include

33、the grade level for eachtype of discontinuity permitted for each part or zone.NOTE 3Information on reference radiographs can be obtained fromthe Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03 or from ASTM Head-quarters.6.3 Surface PreparationComponents may be examinedwithout surface preparation or conditi

34、oning except as requiredto remove surface conditions that may interfere with properinterpretation of radiographs.6.3.1 Castings, forgings, and weldments may be radio-graphed in the as-cast, as-forged, or as-welded conditionsprovided the following requirements are met.6.3.1.1 For castings and forging

35、s, the surface condition shallnot interfere with evaluation.6.3.1.2 Accessible surfaces of welds shall be prepared inaccordance with A2.1.6.4 Radiographic IdentificationEach radiograph shallcarry the identification or serial number of the component andview number, when multiple views are taken. Each

36、 radiographshall also carry the identification of the NDTfacility examiningthe component and the date of the examination. Radiographs ofa repair area shall be identified with R1, R2, R3, and so forth,indicating the number of times that repairs were attempted.Alternative schemes may be used for ident

37、ification of repairradiographs so long as each film is clearly identified to relate toa particular repair area. For explosives and propellants, theconditioning temperature shall be identified on each X-ray filmif the ordnance has been conditioned to a temperature otherthan facility ambient for purpo

38、ses of examination.6.5 Examination and CoverageThe number of partsexamined, and the radiographic coverage of each part shall beas specified by drawings, radiographic techniques, radio-graphic manuals, handbooks for aircraft technical orders, orother specifications, as applicable. Areas to be examine

39、d shallbe identified on the drawing by using the symbols in accor-dance withAWSA2.4 or other systems of designations that areeasily identified on the drawing. If the number of parts to beexamined and the amount of coverage of each part is notspecified, all parts shall be examined and shall receive 1

40、00 %radiographic coverage.6.6 Examination SequenceThe sequence for radiographicexamination in the production operation should be specified inthe manufacturing or assembly process specification, contract,or purchase order. If not specified, radiographic examinationshall be performed at a stage in the

41、 process of manufacturingor assembly at which discontinuities can be detected. Radio-graphic examination may be performed before heat treatment,provided liquid penetrant or magnetic particle examinations areperformed after heat treatment.6.7 Nonfilm TechniquesWhen permitted by purchaseorder, contrac

42、t, or specification, radioscopic/radiological ex-aminations using nonfilm techniques shall be in accordancewith Practices E1255, E2033 or E2698 or a nonfilm specifica-tion approved by the Cognizant Engineering Organization(CEO) as required. Prior approval shall be obtained from theLevel III radiogra

43、pher of the cognizant engineering organiza-tion (see 5.1.1).6.8 Multi-Film TechniquesFilm techniques with two ormore films of the same or different speeds in the same filmholder, to be used in either single or superimposed filmE1742/E1742M 185viewing, shall be permitted provided that the applicable

44、radio-graphic quality level, and optical density requirements (see 6.9and 6.10), are achieved for the area of interest.6.9 Radiographic Quality LevelsThe five quality levelslisted in Table 3 may be assigned on the basis of IQI thicknessand the perceptibility of one, two, or three holes in thehole-ty

45、pe IQI image on the radiograph. If the quality level isnot specified on the drawing or other applicable documents, itshall be Level 2-2T. Unless otherwise specified by the cogni-zant engineering organization, hole-type IQIs used for exami-nation of material 0.25 in. (6.35 mm) or less in thickness sh

46、allbe 0.005-in. (0.127-mm) minimum thickness.6.10 Optical DensityFor single-film viewing, the opticaldensity shall be 1.5 in the area of interest. Where superim-posed film viewing is used, the optical density of the superim-posed films shall be from 2.0 in the area of interest, and eachindividual fi

47、lm shall not have an optical density below 1.0 inthe area of interest. Optical densities above 4.0 are permittedwhen agreed upon between the cognizant engineering organi-zation and the NDT facility (see Note 1 of Fig. 1). In no caseshall the maximum optical density exceed 4.5. For single-filmviewing

48、, optical densities less than 1.5 are permitted only whenitems not requiring an IQI (see 6.18) are examined. Themaximum readable optical density depends on the film viewerused and its maximum luminance (see 6.27.4). The maximumreadable optical density shall always be posted on the viewer.6.11 Proces

49、sing RadiographsRadiographs shall be freefrom blemishes which may interfere with film interpretation.6.12 IQI SelectionThe IQI thickness shall be based on athickness not greater than the nominal thickness to be radio-graphed. For double-wall exposures and double-wall viewingtechniques, the IQI shall be based on the double-wall thicknessof the component. The IQI thicknesses that are in between, orsmaller than, the thickness increments in Fig. A1.1 (forexample, a hole-type IQI that is 0.0025 or 0.006 in. thick) maybe used but are not mandatory. For double-wall expos