ASTM E135-2009 923 Standard Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals Ores and Related Materials《关于金属、矿石和相关材料的分析化学标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: E 135 09Standard Terminology Relating toAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and RelatedMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 135; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of

2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms commonly used inanalytical chemistry for metals, ores, and related materials.Terms tha

3、t are generally understood or defined adequately inother readily available sources are either not included or theirsources are identified.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in a discussion.1.3 Definitions identical to those published by anotherstandards organ

4、ization or ASTM committee are identified withthe name of the organization or the identifying document andASTM committee.1.4 Definitions specific to a particular field (such as emis-sion spectrometry) are identified with an italicized introductoryphrase.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 19

5、14 Practice for Use of Terms Relating to the Develop-ment and Evaluation of Methods for Chemical AnalysisE 2437 Practice for Designing and Validating Performance-Based Test Methods for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated MaterialsE 2438 Practice for Implementing Standard PerformanceBased Test M

6、ethods for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated Materials2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO Guide 30 Terms and Definitions Used in Connectionwith Reference Materials3. Significance and Use3.1 Definitions given in Section 4 are intended for use in allstandards on analytical chemistry for metals, ores, and rel

7、atedmaterials. The definitions should be used uniformly andconsistently. The purpose of this terminology is to promoteclear understanding and interpretation of the standards inwhich definitions are used.4. Terminology Definitionsaim interlaboratory uncertainty, nthe maximum deviation(95 % confidence

8、) to be allowed in the design of the totalinterlaboratory uncertainty of a test method, beginning withthe preparation of a homogeneous sample and ending with afinal report value to the client. E 2437aim total intralaboratory uncertainty, nthe maximumdeviation (95 % confidence) to be allowed in the d

9、esign ofthe total intralaboratory uncertainty of a test method, begin-ning with the preparation of a homogeneous sample andending with a final report value to the client. E 2438aim uncertainty budget, nduring the development of astandard performance-based test method, the target alloca-tion of inter

10、laboratory measurement uncertainty among spe-cific components of a measurement process that contributesignificantly to the overall deviation. The target allocation ismade by the task group and serves as guidance for interlabo-ratory test participants during method testing. E 2437analytical curvesee

11、calibration curve.analyte, nin methods of chemical analysis, the constituentdetermined by a method. E 1914analytical gap, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the re-gion between two electrodes in which the specimen isexcited and from which radiant energy is used for analysis.analytical line, nin atomi

12、c spectrometry, the particularwavelength of electromagnetic radiation used in determiningthe presence or concentration of an element.arc, condensedsee discharge, triggered capacitor.continuous dc arc, na self-maintaining dc discharge.noncapacitive ac arc, nin atomic emission spectrometry,aseries of

13、separate electrical discharges, individually self-initiating or initiated separately by another means, in whicheach current pulse has a polarity that is reversed from theprevious one.arc linenot recommended, see atom line.atom line, nin atomic emission spectrometry, a spectral lineresulting from rad

14、iation emitted during electron transition asan excited atom returns to a lower energy level.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 onAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the directresponsibility of Subcommittee E01.23 on Terminology and Edito

15、rial.Current edition approved April 15, 2009. Published April 2009. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E 135 08c.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandar

16、ds volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,

17、PA 19428-2959, United States.atomic emission spectrometry (AES), npertaining to emis-sion spectrometry in the ultraviolet, visible, or infraredwavelength regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.between-laboratory standard deviation, sR, nthe standarddeviation of results obtained on the same material

18、 indifferent laboratories. E 1914buffer, nin spectrometric analysis, a substance that tends tominimize the effects of one or more elements on theemission of other elements.burn, nin atomic emission spectrometry, that portion of asolid specimen from which atoms were volatilized or sput-tered.burn, vt

19、in atomic emission spectrometry, to vaporize, orsputter, and excite a specimen with sufficient energy togenerate spectral radiation.calibrant, na reference material used for a calibration.calibrate, vt(1) to establish the relationship between theresponse of an instrument and the concentration or mas

20、s ofthe analyte; (2) to establish a table of corrections to improvethe accuracy of equipment used to measure physical prop-erties such as mass, volume, temperature, and so forth.calibration, nthe act, process, or result of establishing: (1)the relationship between the response of an instrument andth

21、e concentration or mass of the substance determined; (2)atable of corrections to improve the accuracy of equipmentused to measure physical properties such as mass, volume,temperature, and so forth.calibration curve, nthe graphical or mathematical represen-tation of the relationship between the respo

22、nse of an instru-ment and the concentration or mass of the analyte.condensed arcsee under discharge, triggered capacitor.continuous dc arcsee under arc.certified reference material (CRM), na reference material,accompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose propertyvalues are certified by a proce

23、dure which establishes trace-ability to an accurate realization of the unit in which theproperty values are expressed, and for which each certifiedvalue is accompanied by an uncertainty at a stated level ofconfidence.DISCUSSIONSee also standard reference material (SRM).counter electrode, nin atomic

24、emission spectrometry, theelectrode in an analytical pair that does not contain thespecimen being analyzed.detection limit, nfor an analytical instrument, the minimumquantity of analyte expected to yield a response greater thanzero. E 1914discharge, triggered capacitor, na series of electrical dis-c

25、harges from capacitors initiated by a separate means andextinguished when the voltage across the analytical gap fallsto a value that no longer is sufficient to maintain it.division, nin sample preparation, a process which divides asample into two or more subsamples without changing thecomposition.do

26、r bead, na gold and silver alloy bead which results fromcupellation.drift correction, nin spectrometric analysis, the process ofadjusting for a translational shift or a rotational shift, or both,in an instrument calibration.electrode, nin atomic emission spectrometry, either of twoterminals between

27、which an electrical discharge occurs.electrode gapnot recommended, see analytical gap.error, nof a result, the difference between a result obtainedon a material and its accepted reference value. E 1914fatigue, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the decrease inresponse of a photoelectric radiant energ

28、y detector caused bythe accumulated exposure of the detector to radiant energy.filter, nin atomic spectrometry, a substance that attenuatesthe radiant power in a definite manner with respect tospectral distribution.neutral filter, nin atomic spectrometry, a filter that attenu-ates the radiant power

29、reaching the detector by the samefactor at all wavelengths within a prescribed wavelengthregion.nonselective filternot recommended, see under filter.gross samplesee under sample.homologous lines, nin atomic emission spectrometry, spec-tral lines that exhibit minimal change in their intensity ratiosw

30、ith variations in excitation conditions.increment, nin sampling, a portion of material removedfrom a lot by a single operation.inquartation, vtin fire assay, the addition of silver tofacilitate parting.interlaboratory study (ILS), na study undertaken to dem-onstrate the precision and accuracy of a t

31、est method.E 1914interlaboratory uncertainty, nin a performance basedstandard test method, the precision (95 % confidence) thatparticipating laboratories achieved during interlaboratorystudies, beginning with the preparation of a homogeneoussample and ending with a final report value to the client.E

32、 2437internal standard, nin spectrometry, a material present in oradded to test samples that serves as an intensity reference forspectral measurements.internal standard line, nin atomic spectrometry, a spectralline of an internal standard, to which the radiant energy of ananalytical line is compared

33、.intralaboratory uncertainty, nin a performance basedstandard test method, the precision (95 % confidence) that alaboratory achieves when the method is used by more thanone operator. In test methods that establish maximumallowable intralaboratory uncertainties, users must be able todemonstrate compl

34、iance with those uncertainties in order toreport that a given test result was produced using the namedmethod. E 2437E135092ion line, nin atomic emission spectrometry, a spectral lineresulting from radiation emitted during electron transition asan ionized atom decays to a lower, but still ionized, en

35、ergylevel; see atom line.laboratory samplesee under sample.linear dispersion, nthe derivative dx/dl where x is thedistance along the spectrum and l is the wavelength.line pair, nin atomic emission spectrometry, an analyticalline and the internal standard line with which it is compared.lot, nin sampl

36、ing, a collection of material regarded as a unit.matrix, nin methods of chemical analysis, all components ofa material except the analyte. E 1914method, ninstructions used to produce a numerical result,which are detailed in a document referred to as “themethod.” E 1914minimum standard deviation, sM,

37、 nthe standard deviationof results on a test material obtained under conditions ofminimum variability E 1914nebulizer, na device for converting a sample solution into agas-liquid aerosol for atomic absorption, emission, fluores-cence, or mass analysis.neutral filtersee under filter.noncapacitive ac

38、arcsee under arc.nonselective filtersee under filter.normalization, nin spectrometric analysis, (1) the processof adjusting instrument output to conform to an establishedcondition using one or more homogeneous specimens orreference materials; (2) the adjustment of the analysis total to100 %, or some

39、 other total.parting, vtin fire assay, separating silver from gold byselectively dissolving the silver in acid.performance based method, na test method that defines:(1) the general approaches for sampling, sample preparation,and making measurements on a specified type of material;and (2) defines max

40、imum allowable uncertainties for eachmeasured constituent over its validated concentration range.polychromator, na device for simultaneously isolating sev-eral rays of monochromatic radiation from a beam ofpolychromatic radiation.preburn period, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the timeinterval aft

41、er the initiation of a discharge during which theemitted radiation energy is not recorded for analyticalpurposes.precisionof methods of chemical analysis, a characteristicmanifested by agreement among individual results at a givenanalyte content. E 1914premix burner, nin flame atomic absorption and

42、atomicemission spectrometry, a burner in which the fuel gas ismixed with the oxidizing gas before reaching the combus-tion zone.prepared samplesee under sample.primary X rays, nin spectrometry, the emergent beam fromthe X-ray source.profile, vtin atomic emission spectrometry, to scan and setthe defl

43、ection of the grating, or actual or apparent position ofthe entrance slit, or actual or apparent location of the exitslits, to produce optimum measurement of intensity.proof, nin fire assay, a synthetic verifier having a preciousmetal content similar to that expected in the test sample.proof correct

44、ion, nin fire assay, the adjustment to the finalassay obtained by analyzing the proof concurrently with thetest sample.radiant power, P, nthe rate at which energy is transported ina beam of radiant energy, preferably expressed in ergs persecond or watts.reciprocal linear dispersion, nthe derivative

45、dl/dx where lis the wavelength and x is the distance along the spectrum.reference material (RM), nmaterial or substance one ormore of whose property values are sufficiently homogeneousand well established to be used for the calibration of anapparatus, the assessment of a measurement method, or foras

46、signing values to materials. ISO Guide 30repeatability, nsee within-laboratory standard deviation.E 1914repeatability index, r, nan estimate of the maximumdifference expected for results on the same test material ondifferent days in the same laboratory, a difference notexpected to be exceeded an ave

47、rage of more than once in 20comparisons (95 % probability). E 1914repeatability standard deviation, nsee within-laboratorystandard deviation. E 1914reproducibility, nsee between-laboratory standard devia-tion. E 1914reproducibility index, R, nan estimate of the maximumdifference expected for results

48、 on the same material in twolaboratories, a difference not expected to be exceeded anaverage of more than once in 20 comparisons (95 % prob-ability). E 1914reproducibility standard deviation, nsee between-laboratory standard deviation. E 1914resolution, nin atomic spectrometry, the minimum distanceb

49、y which two spectral lines must be separated before theycan be distinguished as being separate.result, nvalue representing the quantity of analyte that isobtained by applying a method one time to a test material.E 1914sample, nin methods of chemical analysis, a portion of amaterial selected and processed to render its compositionrepresentative of the composition of the whole. (Contrastspecimen.) E 1914gross sample, na sample representing one lot of materialand composed of a number of increments on w