ASTM E135-2008e1 402 Standard Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals Ores and Related Materials.pdf

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1、Designation: E 135 08e1Standard Terminology Relating toAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and RelatedMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 135; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year

2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEEditorial corrections were made in Section 4 in April 2008.1. Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms commonly used inan

3、alytical chemistry for metals, ores, and related materials.Terms that are generally understood or defined adequately inother readily available sources are either not included or theirsources are identified.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in a discussion.1.

4、3 Definitions identical to those published by anotherstandards organization or ASTM committee are identified withthe name of the organization or the identifying document andASTM committee.1.4 Definitions specific to a particular field (such as emis-sion spectrometry) are identified with an italicize

5、d introductoryphrase.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 1914 Practice for Use of Terms Relating to the Develop-ment and Evaluation of Methods for Chemical AnalysisE 2437 Practice for Designing and Validating Performance-Based Test Methods for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated Materi

6、alsE 2438 Practice for Implementing Standard PerformanceBased Test Methods for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated Materials2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO Guide 30 Terms and Definitions Used in Connectionwith Reference Materials3. Significance and Use3.1 Definitions given in Section 4 are intended for u

7、se in allstandards on analytical chemistry for metals, ores, and relatedmaterials. The definitions should be used uniformly andconsistently. The purpose of this terminology is to promoteclear understanding and interpretation of the standards inwhich definitions are used.4. Terminology Definitionsacc

8、uracy, nof methods of chemical analysis, a characteristicmanifested by agreement. E 1914aim interlaboratory uncertainty, nthe maximum deviation(95 % confidence) to be allowed in the design of the totalinterlaboratory uncertainty of a test method, beginning withthe preparation of a homogeneous sample

9、 and ending with afinal report value to the client. E 2437aim total intralaboratory uncertainty, nthe maximumdeviation (95 % confidence) to be allowed in the design ofthe total intralaboratory uncertainty of a test method, begin-ning with the preparation of a homogeneous sample andending with a fina

10、l report value to the client. E 2438aim uncertainty budget, nduring the development of astandard performance-based test method, the target alloca-tion of interlaboratory measurement uncertainty among spe-cific components of a measurement process that contributesignificantly to the overall deviation.

11、 The target allocation ismade by the task group and serves as guidance for interlabo-ratory test participants during method testing. E 24371This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 onAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores and Related Materials and is the directresponsibility o

12、f Subcommittee E01.23 on Terminology and Editorial.Current edition approved March 1, 2008. Published April 2008. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E 135 07a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at se

13、rviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr H

14、arbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.analytical curvesee calibration curve.analyte, nin methods of chemical analysis, the componentdetermined by a method. E 1914analytical gap, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the re-gion between two electrodes in which the spec

15、imen isexcited and from which radiant energy is used for analysis.analytical line, nin atomic spectrometry, the particularwavelength of electromagnetic radiation used in determiningthe presence or concentration of an element.arc, condensedsee discharge, triggered capacitor.continuous dc arc, na self

16、-maintaining dc discharge.noncapacitive ac arc, nin atomic emission spectrometry,aseries of separate electrical discharges, individually self-initiating or initiated separately by another means, in whicheach current pulse has a polarity that is reversed from theprevious one.arc linenot recommended,

17、see atom line.atom line, nin atomic emission spectrometry, a spectral lineresulting from radiation emitted during electron transition asan excited atom returns to a lower energy level.atomic emission spectrometry (AES), npertaining to emis-sion spectrometry in the ultraviolet, visible, or infraredwa

18、velength regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.b-value, nin statistics, the difference between the mean of aset of results on a material and its accepted reference value.(Compare error.) E 1914between-laboratory standard deviation, sR, nthe standarddeviation of results obtained on the same materia

19、l indifferent laboratories (synonym: reproducibility). E 1914buffer, nin spectrometric analysis, a substance that tends tominimize the effects of one or more elements on theemission of other elements.burn, nin atomic emission spectrometry, that portion of asolid specimen from which atoms were volati

20、lized or sput-tered.burn, vtin atomic emission spectrometry, to vaporize, orsputter, and excite a specimen with sufficient energy togenerate spectral radiation.calibrant, na reference material used for a calibration.calibrate, vt(1) to establish the relationship between theresponse of an instrument

21、and the concentration or mass ofthe analyte; (2) to establish a table of corrections to improvethe accuracy of equipment used to measure physical prop-erties such as mass, volume, temperature, and so forth.calibration, nthe act, process, or result of establishing: (1)the relationship between the res

22、ponse of an instrument andthe concentration or mass of the substance determined; (2)atable of corrections to improve the accuracy of equipmentused to measure physical properties such as mass, volume,temperature, and so forth.calibration curve, nthe graphical or mathematical represen-tation of the re

23、lationship between the response of an instru-ment and the concentration or mass of the analyte.condensed arcsee under discharge, triggered capacitor.continuous dc arcsee under arc.certified reference material (CRM), na reference material,accompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose propertyval

24、ues are certified by a procedure which establishes trace-ability to an accurate realization of the unit in which theproperty values are expressed, and for which each certifiedvalue is accompanied by an uncertainty at a stated level ofconfidence.DISCUSSIONSee also standard reference material (SRM).co

25、unter electrode, nin atomic emission spectrometry, theelectrode in an analytical pair that does not contain thespecimen being analyzed.detection limit, nfor an analytical instrument, the minimumquantity of analyte expected to yield a response greater thanzero. E 1914discharge, triggered capacitor, n

26、a series of electrical dis-charges from capacitors initiated by a separate means andextinguished when the voltage across the analytical gap fallsto a value that no longer is sufficient to maintain it.division, nin sample preparation, a process which divides asample into two or more subsamples withou

27、t changing thecomposition.dor bead, na gold and silver alloy bead which results fromcupellation.drift correction, nin spectrometric analysis, the process ofadjusting for a translational (parallel) and rotational shift inan instrument calibration, or both.electrode, nin atomic emission spectrometry,

28、either of twoterminals between which an electrical discharge occurs.electrode gapnot recommended, see analytical gap.error, nof a result, the difference between a result obtainedon a material and its accepted reference value. (Compareb-value.) E 1914fatigue, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the dec

29、rease inresponse of a photoelectric radiant energy detector caused bythe accumulated exposure of the detector to radiant energy.filter, nin atomic spectrometry, a substance that attenuatesthe radiant power in a definite manner with respect tospectral distribution.neutral filter, na filter that atten

30、uates the radiant powerreaching the detector by the same factor at all wavelengthswithin a prescribed wavelength region.nonselective filternot recommended, see under filter.gross samplesee under sample.homologous lines, nin atomic emission spectrometry, spec-tral lines that exhibit minimal change in

31、 their intensity ratioswith variations in excitation conditions.increment, nin sampling, a portion of material removedfrom a lot by a single operation.inquartation, vtin fire assay, the addition of silver tofacilitate parting.interlaboratory study (ILS), na study undertaken to dem-onstrate the preci

32、sion and accuracy of a test method.E 1914E13508e12interlaboratory uncertainty, nin a performance basedstandard test method, the precision (95 % confidence) thatparticipating laboratories achieved during interlaboratorystudies, beginning with the preparation of a homogeneoussample and ending with a f

33、inal report value to the client.E 2437internal standard, nin spectrometry, a material present in oradded to test samples that serves as an intensity reference forspectral measurements.internal standard line, nin atomic spectrometry, a spectralline of an internal standard, to which the radiant energy

34、 of ananalytical line is compared.intralaboratory uncertainty, nin a performance basedstandard test method, the precision (95 % confidence) that alaboratory achieves when the method is used by more thanone operator. In test methods that establish maximumallowable intralaboratory uncertainties, users

35、 must be able todemonstrate compliance with those uncertainties in order toreport that a given test result was produced using the namedmethod. E 2437ion line, nin atomic emission spectrometry, a spectral lineresulting from radiation emitted during electron transition asan ionized atom decays to a lo

36、wer, but still ionized, energylevel; see atom line.laboratory samplesee under sample.linear dispersion, nthe derivative dx/dl where x is thedistance along the spectrum and l is the wavelength.line pair, nin atomic emission spectrometry, an analyticalline and the internal standard line with which it

37、is compared.lot, nin sampling, a collection of material regarded as a unit.matrix, nin methods of chemical analysis, all components ofa material except the analyte. E 1914method, ninstructions used to produce a numerical result,which are detailed in a document referred to as “themethod.” E 1914minim

38、um standard deviation, sM, nthe standard deviationof results on a test material obtained under conditions ofminimum variability E 1914nebulizer, na device for converting a sample solution into agas-liquid aerosol for atomic absorption, emission, fluores-cence, or mass analysis.neutral filtersee unde

39、r filter.noncapacitive ac arcsee under arc.nonselective filtersee under filter.normalization, nin spectrometric analysis, (1) the processof adjusting instrument output to conform to an establishedcondition using one or more homogeneous specimens orreference materials; (2) the adjustment of the analy

40、sis total to100 %, or some other total.parting, vtin fire assay, separating silver from gold byselectively dissolving the silver in acid.performance based method, na test method that defines:(1) the general approaches for sampling, sample preparation,and making measurements on a specified type of ma

41、terial;and (2) defines maximum allowable uncertainties for eachmeasured constituent over its validated concentration range.polychromator, na device for simultaneously isolating sev-eral rays of monochromatic radiation from a beam ofpolychromatic radiation.preburn period, nin atomic emission spectrom

42、etry, the timeinterval after the initiation of a discharge during which theemitted radiation energy is not recorded for analyticalpurposes.precisionof methods of chemical analysis, a characteristicmanifested by agreement among individual results at a givenanalyte content. E 1914premix burner, nin fl

43、ame atomic absorption and atomicemission spectrometry, a burner in which the fuel gas ismixed with the oxidizing gas before reaching the combus-tion zone.prepared samplesee under sample.primary X rays, nin spectrometry, the emergent beam fromthe X-ray source.profile, vtin atomic emission spectrometr

44、y, to scan and setthe deflection of the grating, or actual or apparent position ofthe entrance slit, or actual or apparent location of the exitslits, to produce optimum measurement of intensity.proof, nin fire assay, a synthetic verifier having a preciousmetal content similar to that expected in the

45、 test sample.proof correction, nin fire assay, the adjustment to the finalassay obtained by analyzing the proof concurrently with thetest sample.radiant power, P, nthe rate at which energy is transported ina beam of radiant energy, preferably expressed in ergs persecond or watts.reciprocal linear di

46、spersion, nthe derivative dl/dx where lis the wavelength and x is the distance along the spectrum.reference material (RM), nmaterial or substance one ormore of whose property values are sufficiently homogeneousand well established to be used for the calibration of anapparatus, the assessment of a me

47、asurement method, or forassigning values to materials. ISO Guide 30repeatability, nsee within-laboratory standard deviation.E 1914repeatability index, r, nan estimate of the maximumdifference expected for results on the same test material ondifferent days in the same laboratory, a difference notexpe

48、cted to be exceeded an average of more than once in 20comparisons (95 % probability). E 1914repeatability standard deviation, nsee within-laboratorystandard deviation. E 1914reproducibility, nsee between-laboratory standard devia-tion. E 1914reproducibility index, R, nan estimate of the maximumdiffe

49、rence expected for results on the same material in twolaboratories, a difference not expected to be exceeded anaverage of more than once in 20 comparisons (95 % prob-ability). E 1914reproducibility standard deviation, nsee between-laboratory standard deviation. E 1914resolution, nin atomic spectrometry, the minimum distanceby which two spectral lines must be separated before theyE13508e13can be distinguished as being separate.result, nvalue representing the quantity of analyte that isobtained by ap