ASTM E135-2008b 895 Standard Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals Ores and Related Materials.pdf

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1、Designation: E 135 08bStandard Terminology Relating toAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and RelatedMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 135; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o

2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms commonly used inanalytical chemistry for metals, ores, and related materials.Terms th

3、at are generally understood or defined adequately inother readily available sources are either not included or theirsources are identified.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in a discussion.1.3 Definitions identical to those published by anotherstandards orga

4、nization or ASTM committee are identified withthe name of the organization or the identifying document andASTM committee.1.4 Definitions specific to a particular field (such as emis-sion spectrometry) are identified with an italicized introductoryphrase.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 1

5、914 Practice for Use of Terms Relating to the Develop-ment and Evaluation of Methods for Chemical AnalysisE 2437 Practice for Designing and Validating Performance-Based Test Methods for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated MaterialsE 2438 Practice for Implementing Standard PerformanceBased Test

6、Methods for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated Materials2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO Guide 30 Terms and Definitions Used in Connectionwith Reference Materials3. Significance and Use3.1 Definitions given in Section 4 are intended for use in allstandards on analytical chemistry for metals, ores, and re

7、latedmaterials. The definitions should be used uniformly andconsistently. The purpose of this terminology is to promoteclear understanding and interpretation of the standards inwhich definitions are used.4. Terminology Definitionsaccuracy, nof methods of chemical analysis, a characteristicmanifested

8、 by agreement. E 1914aim interlaboratory uncertainty, nthe maximum deviation(95 % confidence) to be allowed in the design of the totalinterlaboratory uncertainty of a test method, beginning withthe preparation of a homogeneous sample and ending with afinal report value to the client. E 2437aim total

9、 intralaboratory uncertainty, nthe maximumdeviation (95 % confidence) to be allowed in the design ofthe total intralaboratory uncertainty of a test method, begin-ning with the preparation of a homogeneous sample andending with a final report value to the client. E 2438aim uncertainty budget, nduring

10、 the development of astandard performance-based test method, the target alloca-tion of interlaboratory measurement uncertainty among spe-cific components of a measurement process that contributesignificantly to the overall deviation. The target allocation ismade by the task group and serves as guida

11、nce for interlabo-ratory test participants during method testing. E 24371This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 onAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores and Related Materials and is the directresponsibility of Subcommittee E01.23 on Terminology and Editorial.Current edition

12、approved June 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approvedin 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E 135 08a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, r

13、efer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United St

14、ates.analytical curvesee calibration curve.analyte, nin methods of chemical analysis, the componentdetermined by a method. E 1914analytical gap, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the re-gion between two electrodes in which the specimen isexcited and from which radiant energy is used for analysis.ana

15、lytical line, nin atomic spectrometry, the particularwavelength of electromagnetic radiation used in determiningthe presence or concentration of an element.arc, condensedsee discharge, triggered capacitor.continuous dc arc, na self-maintaining dc discharge.noncapacitive ac arc, nin atomic emission s

16、pectrometry,aseries of separate electrical discharges, individually self-initiating or initiated separately by another means, in whicheach current pulse has a polarity that is reversed from theprevious one.arc linenot recommended, see atom line.atom line, nin atomic emission spectrometry, a spectral

17、 lineresulting from radiation emitted during electron transition asan excited atom returns to a lower energy level.atomic emission spectrometry (AES), npertaining to emis-sion spectrometry in the ultraviolet, visible, or infraredwavelength regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.b-value, nin statist

18、ics, the difference between the mean of aset of results on a material and its accepted reference value.(Compare error.) E 1914between-laboratory standard deviation, sR, nthe standarddeviation of results obtained on the same material indifferent laboratories (synonym: reproducibility). E 1914buffer,

19、nin spectrometric analysis, a substance that tends tominimize the effects of one or more elements on theemission of other elements.burn, nin atomic emission spectrometry, that portion of asolid specimen from which atoms were volatilized or sput-tered.burn, vtin atomic emission spectrometry, to vapor

20、ize, orsputter, and excite a specimen with sufficient energy togenerate spectral radiation.calibrant, na reference material used for a calibration.calibrate, vt(1) to establish the relationship between theresponse of an instrument and the concentration or mass ofthe analyte; (2) to establish a table

21、 of corrections to improvethe accuracy of equipment used to measure physical prop-erties such as mass, volume, temperature, and so forth.calibration, nthe act, process, or result of establishing: (1)the relationship between the response of an instrument andthe concentration or mass of the substance

22、determined; (2)atable of corrections to improve the accuracy of equipmentused to measure physical properties such as mass, volume,temperature, and so forth.calibration curve, nthe graphical or mathematical represen-tation of the relationship between the response of an instru-ment and the concentrati

23、on or mass of the analyte.condensed arcsee under discharge, triggered capacitor.continuous dc arcsee under arc.certified reference material (CRM), na reference material,accompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose propertyvalues are certified by a procedure which establishes trace-ability to a

24、n accurate realization of the unit in which theproperty values are expressed, and for which each certifiedvalue is accompanied by an uncertainty at a stated level ofconfidence.DISCUSSIONSee also standard reference material (SRM).counter electrode, nin atomic emission spectrometry, theelectrode in an

25、 analytical pair that does not contain thespecimen being analyzed.detection limit, nfor an analytical instrument, the minimumquantity of analyte expected to yield a response greater thanzero. E 1914discharge, triggered capacitor, na series of electrical dis-charges from capacitors initiated by a sep

26、arate means andextinguished when the voltage across the analytical gap fallsto a value that no longer is sufficient to maintain it.division, nin sample preparation, a process which divides asample into two or more subsamples without changing thecomposition.dor bead, na gold and silver alloy bead whi

27、ch results fromcupellation.drift correction, nin spectrometric analysis, the process ofadjusting for a translational or rotational shift in an instru-ment calibration, or both.electrode, nin atomic emission spectrometry, either of twoterminals between which an electrical discharge occurs.electrode g

28、apnot recommended, see analytical gap.error, nof a result, the difference between a result obtainedon a material and its accepted reference value. (Compareb-value.) E 1914fatigue, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the decrease inresponse of a photoelectric radiant energy detector caused bythe accumu

29、lated exposure of the detector to radiant energy.filter, nin atomic spectrometry, a substance that attenuatesthe radiant power in a definite manner with respect tospectral distribution.neutral filter, na filter that attenuates the radiant powerreaching the detector by the same factor at all waveleng

30、thswithin a prescribed wavelength region.nonselective filternot recommended, see under filter.gross samplesee under sample.homologous lines, nin atomic emission spectrometry, spec-tral lines that exhibit minimal change in their intensity ratioswith variations in excitation conditions.increment, nin

31、sampling, a portion of material removedfrom a lot by a single operation.inquartation, vtin fire assay, the addition of silver tofacilitate parting.interlaboratory study (ILS), na study undertaken to dem-onstrate the precision and accuracy of a test method.E 1914E 135 08b2interlaboratory uncertainty,

32、 nin a performance basedstandard test method, the precision (95 % confidence) thatparticipating laboratories achieved during interlaboratorystudies, beginning with the preparation of a homogeneoussample and ending with a final report value to the client.E 2437internal standard, nin spectrometry, a m

33、aterial present in oradded to test samples that serves as an intensity reference forspectral measurements.internal standard line, nin atomic spectrometry, a spectralline of an internal standard, to which the radiant energy of ananalytical line is compared.intralaboratory uncertainty, nin a performan

34、ce basedstandard test method, the precision (95 % confidence) that alaboratory achieves when the method is used by more thanone operator. In test methods that establish maximumallowable intralaboratory uncertainties, users must be able todemonstrate compliance with those uncertainties in order torep

35、ort that a given test result was produced using the namedmethod. E 2437ion line, nin atomic emission spectrometry, a spectral lineresulting from radiation emitted during electron transition asan ionized atom decays to a lower, but still ionized, energylevel; see atom line.laboratory samplesee under

36、sample.linear dispersion, nthe derivative dx/dl where x is thedistance along the spectrum and l is the wavelength.line pair, nin atomic emission spectrometry, an analyticalline and the internal standard line with which it is compared.lot, nin sampling, a collection of material regarded as a unit.mat

37、rix, nin methods of chemical analysis, all components ofa material except the analyte. E 1914method, ninstructions used to produce a numerical result,which are detailed in a document referred to as “themethod.” E 1914minimum standard deviation, sM, nthe standard deviationof results on a test materia

38、l obtained under conditions ofminimum variability E 1914nebulizer, na device for converting a sample solution into agas-liquid aerosol for atomic absorption, emission, fluores-cence, or mass analysis.neutral filtersee under filter.noncapacitive ac arcsee under arc.nonselective filtersee under filter

39、.normalization, nin spectrometric analysis, (1) the processof adjusting instrument output to conform to an establishedcondition using one or more homogeneous specimens orreference materials; (2) the adjustment of the analysis total to100 %, or some other total.parting, vtin fire assay, separating si

40、lver from gold byselectively dissolving the silver in acid.performance based method, na test method that defines:(1) the general approaches for sampling, sample preparation,and making measurements on a specified type of material;and (2) defines maximum allowable uncertainties for eachmeasured consti

41、tuent over its validated concentration range.polychromator, na device for simultaneously isolating sev-eral rays of monochromatic radiation from a beam ofpolychromatic radiation.preburn period, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the timeinterval after the initiation of a discharge during which theemi

42、tted radiation energy is not recorded for analyticalpurposes.precisionof methods of chemical analysis, a characteristicmanifested by agreement among individual results at a givenanalyte content. E 1914premix burner, nin flame atomic absorption and atomicemission spectrometry, a burner in which the f

43、uel gas ismixed with the oxidizing gas before reaching the combus-tion zone.prepared samplesee under sample.primary X rays, nin spectrometry, the emergent beam fromthe X-ray source.profile, vtin atomic emission spectrometry, to scan and setthe deflection of the grating, or actual or apparent positio

44、n ofthe entrance slit, or actual or apparent location of the exitslits, to produce optimum measurement of intensity.proof, nin fire assay, a synthetic verifier having a preciousmetal content similar to that expected in the test sample.proof correction, nin fire assay, the adjustment to the finalassa

45、y obtained by analyzing the proof concurrently with thetest sample.radiant power, P, nthe rate at which energy is transported ina beam of radiant energy, preferably expressed in ergs persecond or watts.reciprocal linear dispersion, nthe derivative dl/dx where lis the wavelength and x is the distance

46、 along the spectrum.reference material (RM), nmaterial or substance one ormore of whose property values are sufficiently homogeneousand well established to be used for the calibration of anapparatus, the assessment of a measurement method, or forassigning values to materials. ISO Guide 30repeatabili

47、ty, nsee within-laboratory standard deviation.E 1914repeatability index, r, nan estimate of the maximumdifference expected for results on the same test material ondifferent days in the same laboratory, a difference notexpected to be exceeded an average of more than once in 20comparisons (95 % probab

48、ility). E 1914repeatability standard deviation, nsee within-laboratorystandard deviation. E 1914reproducibility, nsee between-laboratory standard devia-tion. E 1914reproducibility index, R, nan estimate of the maximumdifference expected for results on the same material in twolaboratories, a differen

49、ce not expected to be exceeded anaverage of more than once in 20 comparisons (95 % prob-ability). E 1914reproducibility standard deviation, nsee between-laboratory standard deviation. E 1914resolution, nin atomic spectrometry, the minimum distanceby which two spectral lines must be separated before theyE 135 08b3can be distinguished as being separate.result, nvalue representing the quantity of analyte that isobtained by applying a method one time to a test material.E 1914sample, nin methods of c