ASTM D7157-2012 red 2264 Standard Test Method for Determination of Intrinsic Stability of Asphaltene-Containing Residues Heavy Fuel Oils and Crude Oils (n-Heptane Phase Separation .pdf
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1、Designation: D7157 09D7157 12 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermination of Intrinsic Stability of Asphaltene-ContainingResidues, Heavy Fuel Oils, and Crude Oils (n-HeptanePhase Separation; Optical Detection)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7157; the numb
2、er immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*
3、1.1 This test method covers a procedure for quantifying the intrinsic stability of the asphaltenes in an oil by an automaticinstrument using an optical device.1.2 This test method is applicable to residual products from thermal and hydrocracking processes, to products typical ofSpecifications D396 G
4、rades No. 5L, 5H, and 6, and D2880 Grades No. 3-GT and 4-GT, and to crude oils, providing these productscontain 0.5 mass% or greater concentration of asphaltenes (see Test Method D6560).1.3 This test method quantifies asphaltene stability in terms of state of peptization of the asphaltenes (S-value)
5、, intrinsic stabilityof the oily medium (So) and the solvency requirements of the peptized asphaltenes (Sa).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety co
6、ncerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D396 Specification for Fuel OilsD2880 Spe
7、cification for Gas Turbine Fuel OilsD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4870 Test Method for Determination of Total S
8、ediment in Residual FuelsD6560 Test Method for Determination of Asphaltenes (Heptane Insolubles) in Crude Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6792 Practice for Quality System in Petroleum Products and Lubricants Testing Laboratories3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of some terms used
9、in this test method, refer to Terminology D4175.3.1.2 asphaltene,asphaltenes, n(rarely used in the singular), in petroleum technology, a molecule of high molecular mass, highcarbon/hydrogen ratio, and containing hetero-atoms.represent an oil fraction that is soluble in a specified aromatic solvent b
10、utseparates upon addition of an excess of a specified paraffinic solvent.3.1.2.1 DiscussionAsphaltenes are found largely in crude oils and in heavy fuel oils containing residual fractions. They are insoluble in alkanes such1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on Petroleum Pr
11、oducts and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.14 on Stabilityand Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.Current edition approved June 1, 2009Nov. 1, 2012. Published July 2009February 2013. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 20052009 asD715705.09. DOI: 10
12、.1520/D7157-09.10.1520/D7157-12.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM
13、standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all
14、cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1as In this t
15、est method, the n-heptane and cetane, but soluble in aromatic solvents such as benzene, toluene, and1-methylnaphthalene. aromatic solvent is toluene and the paraffinic solvent is n-heptane.3.1.3 compatibility, nof crude oils or of heavy fuel oils, the ability of two or more crude oils or fuel oils t
16、o blend togetherwithin certain concentration ranges without evidence of separation, such as the formation of multiple phases.3.1.3.1 DiscussionIncompatible heavy fuel oils or crude oils, when mixed or blended, result in the flocculation or precipitation of asphaltenes. Someoils may be compatible wit
17、hin certain concentration ranges in specific mixtures, but incompatible outside those ranges.3.1.4 flocculation, nof asphaltenes from crude oils or heavy fuel oils, the aggregation of colloidally dispersed asphaltenes intovisible larger masses which may or may not settle.3.1.5 peptization, nof aspha
18、ltenes in crude oils or heavy oils, the dispersion of asphaltenes to produce a colloidal dispersion.3.1.6 stability reserve, nin petroleum technology, the property of an oil to maintain asphaltenes in a peptized state and preventflocculation of asphaltenes.3.1.6.1 DiscussionAn oil with a low stabili
19、ty reserve is likely to undergo flocculation of asphaltenes when stressed (for example, extended heatedstorage) or blended with a range of other oils. Two oils each with a high stability reserve are likely to maintain asphaltenes in apeptized state and not lead to flocculation when blended together.
20、3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 intrinsic stability (S-value), n of refinery residual streams, residual fuel oils and crude oils, an indication of the stabilityor available solvency power of an oil with respect to precipitation of asphaltenes.3.2.1.1 DiscussionSince the equa
21、tion defining S-value is S = (1 + Xmin), where Xmin is the minimum volume (in mL) of paraffinic solvent, n-heptane,to be added to 1 g of oil to result in flocculation of asphaltenes, the smallest S-value is 1, which means the oil is unstable and canprecipitate asphaltenes without addition of any par
22、affinic solvent.Ahigher S-value indicates that an oil is more stable with respectto flocculation of asphaltenes. S-value by this test method relates specifically to toluene and n-heptane as the aromatic andparaffinic solvents, respectively.3.2.2 inversion point, npoint in the n-heptane titration cur
23、ve, where the onset of asphaltene flocculation leads to inversion ofthe light intensity.3.2.2.1 DiscussionAt the first stage of the addition of n-heptane to a dilution of specimen and toluene, light intensity increases through dilution. Whenasphaltenes start to flocculate, there will be a point wher
24、e the increase in light intensity through dilution matches the light intensitydecrease (inversion) as a result of coagulated asphaltenes obstructing the light beam.3.2.3 Sa, nthe S-value of an asphaltene, which is the peptizability or ability of an asphaltene to remain in a colloidaldispersion.3.2.3
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