ASTM D5923-1996(2004) Standard Guide for Selection of Kriging Methods in Geostatistical Site Investigations《地质现场调查中可里格法选择的标准导则》.pdf
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1、Designation: D 5923 96 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Guide forSelection of Kriging Methods in Geostatistical SiteInvestigations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5923; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONGeostatistics is a framework for data analysis, estimation, and simulation in media whosemeasurable attr
3、ibutes show erratic spatial variability yet also possess a degree of spatial continuityimparted by the natural and anthropogenic processes operating therein. The soil, rock, and containedfluids encountered in environmental or geotechnical site investigations present such features, and theirsampled a
4、ttributes are therefore amenable to geostatistical treatment. Kriging methods are geostatis-tical techniques for spatial estimation belonging to the class of least-squares estimators. This guidereviews criteria for selecting a kriging method, offering direction based on a consensus of viewswithout r
5、ecommending a standard practice to follow in all cases.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers recommendations for selecting appro-priate kriging methods based on study objectives, exploratorydata analysis, and analysis of spatial variation.1.2 This guide considers commonly used forms of kriging,including ord
6、inary kriging, simple kriging, lognormal kriging,universal kriging, and indicator kriging. Multivariate, space-time, and other less-frequently used kriging methods are notdiscussed; however, this is not intended to reflect any judge-ment as to the validity of these methods.1.3 This guide describes c
7、onditions for which kriging meth-ods are not appropriate and for which geostatistical simulationsapproaches should be used.1.4 This guide does not discuss non-geostatistical alterna-tives to kriging, such as splines or inverse-distance techniques.1.5 This guide does not discuss the basic principles
8、ofkriging. Introductions to geostatistics and kriging may befound in numerous texts including Refs (1-3).2A review ofkriging methods is given in Ref. (4).1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of t
9、his standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replac
10、e education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be jud
11、ged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 653 Terminology Relating to S
12、oil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 5549 Guide for the Contents of Geostatistical Site Inves-tigation Report4D 5922 Guide for Analysis of Spatial Variation in Geostatis-tical Site InvestigationsD 5924 Guide for Selection of Simulation Approaches inGeostatistical Site Investigations3. Terminology3.1 Defi
13、nitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.01 on Surface and SubsurfaceCharacterization.Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Published August 2004. Originallyapproved in
14、 1996. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as D 5923 - 96e1.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthe text.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMSta
15、ndards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.1 additivity, na mathematical property of a regional-ized variable stating that
16、 it can be combined linearly in order todefine a similar variable on a larger support.3.1.2 block kriging, na form of kriging in which thevariable to be estimated has a rectangular or possibly irregularone-, two-, or three-dimensional support.3.1.3 drift, nin geostatistics, a systematic spatial vari
17、ationof the local mean of a variable, usually expressed as apolynomial function of location coordinates.3.1.4 estimation, na procedure by which the value of avariable at an unsampled location is predicted using a weightedaverage of sample values from the neighborhood of thatlocation.3.1.5 field, nin
18、 geostatistics, the region of one-, two- orthree-dimensional space within which a regionalized variableis defined.3.1.6 indicator kriging, na form of kriging in which alldata are indicator variables.3.1.7 indicator variable, na regionalized variable that canhave only two possible values, 0 or 1.3.1.
19、8 kriging, nan estimation method where sampleweights are obtained using a linear least-squares optimizationprocedure based on a mathematical model of spatial variabilityand where the unknown variable and the available samplevalues may have a point or block support.3.1.9 kriging variance, nthe expect
20、ed value of thesquared difference between the true value of an unknownvariable and its kriging estimate, sometimes used as a measureof kriging precision.3.1.10 lognormal kriging, nthe kriging of log-transformed variables followed by a back-transformation pro-cedure based on a lognormal distribution
21、model.3.1.11 nugget effect, nthe component of spatial varianceunresolved by the sample spacing, including the variance dueto measurement error.3.1.12 ordinary kriging, na form of kriging for which themean of the estimated variable is an unknown constant and thesample weights sum to one.3.1.13 point,
22、 nin geostatistics, the location in the field atwhich a regionalized variable is defined. It also commonlyrefers to the support of sample-scale variables.3.1.14 point kriging, na form of kriging in which thevariable to be estimated has the same support as the sampledata.3.1.15 regionalized variable,
23、 na measured quantity or anumerical attribute characterizing a spatially variable phenom-enon at a location in the field.3.1.16 search neighborhood, nthe region within whichsamples are considered for inclusion in the kriging estimationprocess.3.1.17 simple kriging, na form of kriging for which theme
24、an of the estimated variable is a known constant and the sumof sample weights is unconstrained.3.1.18 simulation, nin geostatistics, a Monte-Carlo pro-cedure for generating realizations of fields based on the randomfunction model chosen to represent a regionalized variable. Inaddition to honoring a
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