ASTM D5073-2002(2013) Standard Practice for Depth Measurement of Surface Water《地表水深度测量的标准实施规程》.pdf

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1、Designation: D5073 02 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Practice forDepth Measurement of Surface Water1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5073; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A

2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice guides the user in selection of procedurescommonly used to measure depth in water bodies that are asfollows:SectionsProce

3、dure AManual Measurement 6 through 11Procedure BElectronic Sonic-Echo Sounding 12 through 13Procedure CElectronic Nonacoustic Measurement 14 through 15The text specifies depth measuring terminology, describesmeasurement of depth by manual and electronic equipment,outlines specific uses of electronic

4、 sounders, and describesan electronic procedure for depth measurement other thanusing sonar.1.2 The references cited and listed at the end of this practicecontain information that may help in the design of a highquality measurement program.1.3 The information provided on depth measurement isdescript

5、ive in nature and not intended to endorse any particularitem of manufactured equipment or procedure.1.4 This practice pertains to depth measurement in quies-cent or low-velocity flow. For depth measurement related tostream gaging see Test Method D3858. For depth measure-ments related to reservoir su

6、rveys see Guide D4581.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior

7、to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD3858 Test Method for Open-Channel Flow Measurementof Water by Velocity-Area MethodD4410 Terminology for Fluvial SedimentD4581 Guide for Measurement of Morphologic Character-istics of Surface Water Bodies3. Terminol

8、ogy3.1 DefinitionsFor definition of terms used in this practicerefer to Terminologies D1129 and D4410.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bar-check, na method for determining depth below asurvey vessel by means of a long, narrow metal bar or beamsuspended on a marked line beneat

9、h a sounding transducer.3.2.2 bar sweep, na bar or pipes, suspended by wire orcable beneath a floating vessel, used to search for submergedsnags or obstructions hazardous to navigation.3.2.3 beam width, nthe angle in degrees made by the mainlobe of acoustical energy emitted from the radiating face o

10、f atransducer.3.2.4 bottom profile, na line trace of the bottom surfacebeneath a water body.3.2.5 sonar, na method for detecting and locating objectssubmerged in water by means of the sound waves they reflector produce.3.2.6 sound, vtto determine the depth of water (1).33.2.7 sounding line, na rope

11、or cable used for supportinga weight while the weight is lowered below the water surfaceto determine depth.3.2.8 sounding weight, na heavy object usually of lead,that may be bell-shaped, for use in still water and soft bottommaterials or torpedo shaped with stabilizing fins, for use inflowing water.

12、3.2.9 stray, nspurious marks on the graphic depth recordscaused by surfaces other than the bottom surface of a waterbody below the sounding vessel.3.2.10 subbottom profile, na trace of a subsurface horizondue to a change in the acoustic properties of the mediumthrough which the sound energy has trav

13、eled.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.07 on Sediments, Geomorphology,and Open-Channel Flow.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013. Published January 2013. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition appro

14、ved in 2007 as D5073 02(2007).DOI: 10.1520/D5073-02R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The b

15、oldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis practice.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.11 towfish, na streamlined container, containingacoustical equipment for sounding depth, and d

16、esigned to bepulled behind or beneath a survey vessel.3.2.12 transducer, na device for translating electricalenergy to acoustical energy and acoustical energy back toelectrical energy.3.2.13 transducer draft, nthe distance from the watersurface to the radiating face of a transducer.3.2.14 vertical c

17、ontrol, na horizontal plane of referenceused to convert measured depth to bottom elevation.4. Summary of Practices4.1 These practices include the following three generaltechniques for acquiring depth measurements in surface water:4.1.1 The first general technique is to determine depth bymanual proce

18、dures. The equipment to perform these proce-dures may be most readily available and most practical undercertain conditions.4.1.2 The second general technique is to determine depth byelectronic sonic-echo sounding procedures. These proceduresare most commonly used because of their reliability and the

19、variety of instruments available that meet specific measuringrequirements.4.1.3 The third general technique is to determine depth byan electronic procedure other than acoustic sounding. A pro-cedure using ground penetrating radar is currently being usedfor measuring water depth for specific applicat

20、ions.5. Significance and Use5.1 This is a general practice intended to give direction inthe selection of depth measuring procedures and equipment foruse under a wide range of conditions encountered in surfacewater bodies. Physical conditions at the measuring site, thequality of data required, and th

21、e availability of appropriatemeasuring equipment govern the selection process. A step-by-step procedure for actually obtaining a depth measurement isnot discussed. This practice is to be used in conjunction with apractice on positioning techniques and another practice onbathymetric survey procedures

22、 to obtain horizontal locationand bottom elevations of points on a water body.PROCEDURE AMANUAL MEASUREMENT6. Scope6.1 This procedure explains the measurement of water depthusing manual techniques and equipment. These include the useof sounding rods, sounding lines, sounding reels, or a barsweep.6.2

23、 Description of techniques and equipment are general innature. Techniques and equipment may need to be modified foruse in specific field conditions.7. Significance and Use7.1 Prior to the development of acoustic soundingequipment, manual techniques provided the only means ofdepth measurement. Some c

24、ircumstances may still requiresounding by manual techniques such as shallow areas wheredepth is not sufficient for acoustic sounding. Manual proce-dures continue to serve several useful purposes such as thefollowing:7.1.1 To search for and confirm the minimum depths overshallow area of sunken obstac

25、les.7.1.2 To confirm bottom soundings in areas with submergedvegetation, or other soft bottom materials.7.1.3 To assist in obtaining bottom samples.7.1.4 To calibrate electronic sounding equipment.7.1.5 To suspend other measuring instruments to knowndepths for making various physical or chemical wat

26、er qualitymeasurements (2).8. Sounding Rod (Manual Procedure)8.1 The sounding rod (or sounding pole) can be used tomeasure depth over extensive flat, shallow areas more easilyand more accurately than by other means. Use of the soundingrod should be restricted to still water or where the velocity isr

27、elatively low, and to depths less than 12 ft (3.7 m). Soundingrods are usually not used in depths over 6 ft (1.8 m) except toprovide supplemental soundings to aid in interpreting analogdepth records. A weighted, flat shoe (see Fig. 1) should beattached to the bottom of the rod to prevent it from pen

28、etrationof the bottom sediments. The rod may be graduated in feet andtenths of a foot; zero being at the bottom of the shoe (3).8.2 Modern sounding rods may be made of light-weightmetals for strength, neutral buoyancy, and sound transmittingcapability. An experienced operator can measure the waterde

29、pth and can distinguish the relative firmness of the bottomFIG. 1 Graduated Sounding Rod with Shoe AttachedD5073 02 (2013)2material by the feel of the rod and the tone produced by themetal pole as it contacts the bottom (4).8.3 When sounding in still water the operator should lowerthe rod into the w

30、ater until the bottom plate makes contact withthe bottom surface. After determining that a firm bottommaterial has been encountered, the water surface level isvisually read on the rod. When sounding in flowing water, toachieve vertical sounding, a long wire or cable anchoredupstream and attached to

31、the lower end of the rod may benecessary.9. Sounding Line (Manual Procedure)9.1 The sounding line (see Fig. 2) can be used to measuredepths of large magnitude but is seldom used for depths greaterthan 15 ft (4.57 m). The sounding line should be of a materialthat does not shrink or stretch, or length

32、en from wear orcorrosion of the material as will occur in chain links overseveral years of use. Though manila rope and cotton, or othermaterials that require prestretching before use, have beenemployed for large depths, small-diameter high-strength steelcable wound and released from a reel with a ge

33、ar driven depthindicator are readily available and greatly simplify the work(1). The stretch of the high-strength cable is very small for itsintended use, and therefore, a considerable length of cable maybe used without introducing significant error. Depth indicators,calibrated in either inch-pound

34、or metric units, or both, areavailable (5).9.2 Markings on the sounding line should be easy to see andunderstand to avoid making errors in determining the readings.For sounding relatively shallow depths, marking at 0.5-ftintervals with different colors to identify the 1, 2, and 10-ftintervals is rec

35、ommended. Care must be exercised so that thefirst marker is the correct distance from the bottom of thesounding weight when the weight is attached. When sounding,depths are obtained from the difference in readings at an indexpoint on the bridge or boat rail, when the base of the soundingweight is at

36、 the water surface, and when it is at the bottom. Ashort steel tape or folding rule is usually employed to measurethe fractional distance from the line markers to the referencepoint. Within the minimum 0.5-ft markings depths are esti-mated and recorded to the nearest 0.1 ft. For sounding in deepwate

37、r, a sounding reel with depth indicator and an unmarkedhigh-strength steel cable is recommended (4).9.2.1 When the metric system of units is used, the soundingline for use in shallow depths is usually marked at 0.5-mintervals with different colors to identify the 1 and 2-mintervals. Depths are recor

38、ded to the nearest 0.01 m.9.3 Weights used in sounding are usually of lead, aluminum,or brass. For application in still water, the weights arebell-shaped (see Fig. 3a) and made of cast aluminum or lead.The amount of weight should be from 5 to 10 lb (2.3 to 4.5 kg).9.3.1 For application in flowing wa

39、ter, the weight should beof circular cross section and steamlined with fins (see Fig. 3b)to turn the weight nose first into the current to offer a minimumof resistance to the flow. The amount of weight should bevaried, depending on the water depth and flow velocity at across section. A rule of thumb

40、 is that the weight in poundsshould be greater than the maximum product of velocity anddepth in the cross section. If debris or ice is flowing or thestream is shallow or swift, use a heavier weight than the ruledesignates. A variety of sizes of sounding weights from 15 to300 lb (7 to 136 kg) should

41、be available with appropriatemeans of attaching to the sounding line (1). Sounding weightsshould always be attached to the sounding line using a hangerbar, clevis, snap hook, or thimble of brass or stainless steel toprotect the line from wear or damage.9.4 The procedure for making soundings will var

42、y depend-ing on depth, current velocity, and means of locating where thesoundings are taken. Once at the location where a depthmeasurement is needed, the basic procedure is to lower theweight until the bottom of the weight is at the water surface.When using a marked sounding line, the distance is re

43、ad fromthe sounding line at a reference point on the bridge or boat afterwhich the weight is lowered to the bottom, and a new distanceis read from the line and recorded. When using a sounding reelthe indicator is set to zero after which the weight is lowered tothe bottom and the depth is read and re

44、corded. It is usually ofsome importance, especially when sounding an uneven bottom,to have the locations of the soundings accurately knownrelative to the surroundings. When sounding from a boat usingweighted line, the boat should be stationary and should remainat that position until the sounding has

45、 been completed and thelocation is determined.9.5 Sounding through the ice cover of a lake or river may betaken after boring holes in the ice with an ice auger. In thiscase, a marked sounding line with an appropriate soundingweight attached at the end, is lowered through the hole and thedetermined d

46、epth is recorded.FIG. 2 Sounding Line Used from Small BoatD5073 02 (2013)310. Sounding Reels (Manual Procedure)10.1 Sounding reels (see Fig. 4) are used with high strengthcable where heavy weights are required or where depths aregreat. These reels are usually very sturdily constructed havinga brakin

47、g system for controlling rotation of the reel as the cableis let out. For hand operated reels, the hand cranks are hingedto allow the crank to be disengaged from the shaft while thewire is let out and engaged for reeling in. Various devices areemployed to drive a counter registering the amount of ca

48、ble letout from which the depth below water surface is determined.These sounding reels may also be electrically driven, in thatcase, they may have a depth capacity of more than 5000 ft(1524 m) (1).11. Bar Sweep (Manual Procedure)11.1 The bar sweep is commonly used to search for andlocate any shoal o

49、r obstruction within or above navigationdepth that may present a hazard to navigation. It augments thehydrographic survey in navigable waters by locating shallowsubmerged areas that may go undetected by the usual hydro-graphic procedures. The bar sweep (see Fig. 5) consists of a bar(steel pipe) suspended beneath the survey vessel by graduatedwire or cable from hand operated drums. The drums may bemounted either off the stern or at the port and starboardgunwale. Each end of the bar should be packed with lead to add(a) Bell Shaped Sounding Weight (4)(b) Torpedo Co