ASTM D4850-2003a(2007) Standard Terminology Relating to Fabric《与织物相关的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: D 4850 03a (Reapproved 2007)Standard Terminology Relating toFabric1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4850; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare

2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical termsused in the industry related to textile fabrics. Terms that aregenerally understood or adequat

3、ely defined in other readilyavailable sources are not included. Other terminology stan-dards that have terms related to textile fabrics are shown in 2.12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 737 Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile FabricsD 1117 Guide for Evaluating Nonwoven FabricsD 133

4、6 Test Method for Distortion of Yarn in WovenFabricsD 1388 Test Method for Stiffness of FabricsD 1424 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics byFalling-Pendulum Type (Elmendorf) ApparatusD 1775 Test Method for Tension and Elongation of WideElastic Fabrics2D 1777 Test Method for Thickness of Text

5、ile MaterialsD 2261 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by theTongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Tensile Testing Machine)D 2594 Test Method for Stretch Properties of Knitted Fab-rics Having Low PowerD 2646 Test Methods for Backing Fabric Characteristics ofPile Yarn Flo

6、or CoveringsD 3107 Test Methods for Stretch Properties of FabricsWoven from Stretch YarnsD 3511 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush PillingTesterD 3512 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics

7、: Random TumblePilling TesterD 3514 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric PadD 3773 Test Methods for Length of Woven FabricD 3774 Test Method for Width of Textile FabricD 3775 Test Method for Warp End Count and Filling PickCount of Wove

8、n FabricD 3786 Test Method for Bursting Strength of TextileFabricsDiaphragm Bursting Strength Tester MethodD 3787 Test Method for Bursting Strength of TextilesConstant-Rate-of-Traverse (CRT) Ball Burst TestD 3789 Practice for Labeling Cans of Consumer SprayPaint2D 3882 Test Method for Bow and Skew i

9、n Woven andKnitted FabricsD 3883 Test Methods for Yarn Crimp and Yarn Take-up inWoven FabricsD 3884 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics(Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)D 3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)D 3886 Test Method for Ab

10、rasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)D 3887 Specification for Tolerances for Knitted FabricsD 3939 Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics(Mace)D 3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric DefectsD 4032 Test Method for Stiffness of Fabric by the CircularBend ProcedureD 4

11、033 Test Method for Resistance to Yarn Slippage at theSewn Seam in Upholstery Fabrics (Dynamic FatigueMethod) (Discontinued 2001)2D 4034 Test Method for Resistance to Yarn Slippage at theSewn Seam in Woven Upholstery Fabrics (Discontinued2001)2D 4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFab

12、rics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)D 4158 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics(Uniform Abrasion)D 4390 Practice for the Evaluation of the Performance ofTerry Bathroom Products for Home Use2D 4772 Test Method for Surface Water Absorption of TerryFabrics (Water Flow)D 4350 Test Method for C

13、orrosivity Index of Plastics andFillersD 4685 Test Method for Pile Fabric AbrasionD 4848 Terminology of Force, Deformation and RelatedProperties of Textiles1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Te

14、st Methods,General.Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 4850 03a.2Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 4850 Termi

15、nology Relating to FabricD 4851 Test Methods for Coated and Laminated Fabrics forArchitectural UseD 4964 Test Method for Tension and Elongation of ElasticFabrics (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Type Tensile TestingMachine)D 4966 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Martindale Abrasion

16、Tester Method)D 4970 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: MartindaleTesterD 5034 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongationof Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)D 5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Strip Method)D 5

17、103 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution ofManufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)D 5278 Test Method for Elongation of Narrow ElasticFabrics (Static-Load Testing)D 5362 Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics(Bean Bag)D 5378 Performance Specification for Woven and KnittedShow

18、er Curtains for Institutional and Household UseD 5426 Practices for Visual Inspection and Grading ofFabrics Used for Inflatable RestraintsD 5430 Test Methods for Visually Inspecting and GradingFabricsD 5446 Practice for Determining Physical Properties ofFabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in Infl

19、atableRestraintsD 5587 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics byTrapezoid ProcedureD 5684 Terminology Relating to Pile Floor CoveringsD 5793 Test Method for Binding Sites per Unit Length orWidth of Pile Yarn Floor CoveringsD 6207 Test Method for Dimensional Stability of Fabrics toChanges in Hum

20、idity and Temperature3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:abrasion, nthe wearing away of any part of a material byrubbing against another surface. D 3884, D 3885, D 3886,D 4157, D 4158, D 4685, D 4966abrasion cycle, none complete movement across the surfaceof a material.DISCUSSIONThe complete movement for

21、an abrasion cycle isdependent on the action of the abrasion machine and the test methodused. It may consist of one back-and-forth unidirectional movement orone circular movement, or a combination of both. D 3885air permeability, nthe rate of air flow passing perpendicularthrough a known area under a

22、 prescribed air pressuredifferential between the two surfaces of a material.DISCUSSIONAir permeability of fabric at a stated pressure differen-tial between two surfaces of the fabric is generally expressed in SI unitsas cm3/s/cm2and in inch-pound units as ft3/min/ft2calculated inoperating conditions

23、. (See permeability, porosity.) D 737air-supported roof, na fabric roof-system that is properlysecured and primarily supported and held in place by airpressure. D 4851architectural-use, nin the building trade, a descriptive termfor fabrics used in fabric roof-systems or similar industrialapplication

24、s. (See also fabric roof-system.) D 4851bagging, nany material, such as fabric or other suitablematerial used to protect commodities during shipment and/orstorage.DISCUSSIONFabrics may be of the woven, knitted, or non-woventype, and are typically produced with cotton, jute, polyethylene, orpolypropy

25、lene fibers. D 4850bending length, n(1) generala measure of the interactionbetween fabric weight and fabric stiffness as shown by theway in which a fabric bends under its own weight. It reflectsthe stiffness of a fabric when bent in one plane under theforce of gravity, and is one component of drape;

26、 (2)specificthe cube root of the ratio of the flexural rigidity tothe weight per unit area. D 1388book fold, na fabric doubled selvage to selvage, then foldedback and forth upon itself in predetermined lengths. (Seealso shoe fold.)DISCUSSIONWhen the piece is completed, the fold-edges on eachside are

27、 folded once more upon themselves so that the fold-edges areinside, forming a compact package as long as one half the width of thefabric. D 4850bow, na fabric condition resulting when filling yarns orknitted courses are displaced from a line perpendicular to theselvages and form one or more arcs acr

28、oss the width of thefabric. (See also double bow.) D 3882, D 3990braided fabric, na structure produced by interlacing three ormore ends of yarns in a manner such that the paths of theyarns are diagonal to the vertical axis of the fabric.D 4850broken end, nin woven fabrics, a void in the warp directi

29、ondue to yarn breakage. D 3990burlap, na coarse, heavy, plain weave fabric of yarns, suchas bast or cotton fiber yarn. D 4850bursting strength, nthe force or pressure required to rupturea fabric by distending it with a force, applied at right anglesto the plane of the fabric, under specified conditi

30、ons.D 3786, D 3787, D 3887circular bend, nsimultaneous, multidirectional deformationof a fabric in which one face of a flat specimen becomesconcave and the other becomes convex. D 4032coated fabric, na flexible material composed of a fabric andany adherent polymeric material applied to one or bothsu

31、rfaces. (See also laminated fabric.) D 4850, D 4851,D 5446color contrast, nin textiles, a general term for a visible colordifference between two adjacent areas.DISCUSSIONFor the purpose of Test Methods D 3939 and D 5362, acolor contrast is a visible color difference between a snag and theimmediate s

32、urrounding area of the fabric that has no defects. Colorcontrasts often occur when printed fabrics are snagged. D 3939,D 5362D 4850 03a (2007)2corduroy, na filling cut-pile fabric in which the cut fibersform a surface of wales (rounded cords or ribs) whichusually run warpwise. D 4685, D 4850count, n

33、in woven fabric, the number of warp yarns (ends)and filling yarns (picks) per unit distance as counted whilethe fabric is held under zero tension, and is free of folds andwrinkles. D 3775count, nin knitted fabrics, the number (counted units) ofwale loops and course loops per 25 mm (1 in.). D 3787cou

34、rse, nin knitted fabrics, a row of successive loops in thewidth direction of the fabric. D 2594crease retention, nthat property of a fabric which enables itto maintain an inserted crease. D 4850critical defect, na serious defect that judgment and experi-ence indicate is likely to prevent the usabili

35、ty or properperformance of a product from its intended purpose.D 5430cut, nas applied to woven fabric, a length approximately 60yard in the greige. D 4850cut strip test, nin fabric testing, a strip test in which thespecimen is cut to the specified testing width. D 5035defect, nin inspection and grad

36、ing, the departure or non-conformance of some characteristic from its intended levelor state.DISCUSSIONIn inspection and grading the characteristic is usually avisual one. However, defects such as heat damage or poorly finishedtextiles grading by hand may be required. D 5430dimensional change, na ge

37、neric term for changes in lengthor width of a specimen subjected to specified conditions.DISCUSSIONDimensional change is usually expressed as a percentof the original dimension of the specimen. When a dimension increasesit is often referred to as growth. When a dimension decreases it is oftenreferre

38、d to as shrinkage. D 1117, D 2646dimensional stability, nthe ability of a material to retain itslength and width dimensions under specified conditions.DISCUSSIONThe dimensions are length and width and the specifiedconditions are those of cycled humidity and temperature. D 6207denim, na durable woven

39、 twill fabric, usually of all cotton ora blend of cotton and manufactured fibers, made from avariety of yarn numbers, and in various fabric weights,colors, designs, and finishes. D 4850direction of slippage, nat the seam, the line of movementparallel to either the filling or the warp on a woven fabr

40、ic inwhich minimum force is required to produce yarn slippage.DISCUSSIONThe fabric may be pulled in both directions in manycases. D 4034distortion, nin fabrics, a general term for a visible defect inthe texture of a fabric.DISCUSSIONFor the purpose of Test Methods D 3939 and D 5362,snags are compose

41、d of different combinations of protrusions anddistortions. A distortion is characterized by a group of fibers, yarn, or ayarn segment that is displaced from its normal pattern so that there isa visible change in the texture of the fabric; however, the displacedgroup of fibers, yarn, or yarn segment

42、does not extend above the fabricsurface. Distortions include conditions where (1) tension on a snaggedyarn has changed the size of some loops within a knitted fabric and theresult is a pucker on the surface of the fabric, and (2) tension on asnagged yarn has caused a yarn to break off within a woven

43、 fabric andthe result is a change in the texture where the yarn used to be.D 3939, D 5362double bow, ntwo fabric bows, arcing in the same direction,as in a flattened M or W depending on the viewing angle.(Compare double reverse bow and double bow.)DISCUSSIONIn tubular knits, there may be defferentai

44、l bowingbetween the top and the bottom of the tube. D 3882, D 3990double hooked bow, none hooked bow at each side of thefabric that arc in opposite directions. (See also hooked bow.)D 3882, D 3990double reverse bow, ntwo fabric bows arcing in oppositedirections. (See also bow. Compare double bow.) D

45、 3882double-stroke, nin flex and abrasion testing, an abrasioncycle that consists of one forward and one backward motion.D 3885duck, na compact, firm, heavy, plain-weave cotton fabric,mass per square yard 6 to 50 oz. (See also flat duck, andplied yarn duck.) D 4850durable-press, adjhaving the abilit

46、y to retain substantiallythe initial shape, flat seams, pressed-in creases, and un-wrinkled appearance during use and after laundering ordrycleaning. (See wash and wear.)DISCUSSIONThe use of the term permanent-press, adj,asasubstitute for durable-press is not recommended. D 4850elastic fabric, na fa

47、bric made from an elastomer either aloneor in combination with other textiles.DISCUSSIONAt room temperature an elastic fabric will stretch undertension and will return quickly and forcibly to substantially its originaldimensions and shape when tension is removed.Elastic fabrics may be manufactured b

48、y weaving, braiding, knitting,or other processes. D 1775, D 4850, D 4964elastic tape, na tape containing rubber or other elastomers topermit rubber-like stretch in at least one direction. D 4850elastic webbing, na webbing containing rubber or otherelastomers to permit rubber-like stretch in at least

49、 onedirection. D 4850end, nin woven fabric, an individual warp yarn (single orply) or cord. D 3775end count, nin woven fabric, the number of individual warpyarns per inch of fabric regardless of whether they arecomprised of single or plied components D 3775fabric, nin textiles, a planar structure consisting of yarns orfibers. D 737, D 1388, D 1424, D 4850, D 5587fabric growth, nthe increase in the original length of aspecimen after the application of a specified force for aprescribed time and the subsequent removal of the tens