ASTM D4150-2008 Standard Terminology Relating to Gaseous Fuels《气体燃料的相关标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: D 4150 08Standard Terminology Relating toGaseous Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4150; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indi

2、cates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard defines the terms used in standards thatare the responsiblity of Committee D03 on Gaseous Fuels.These terms are used in:1.1.1 The sampling of gaseo

3、us fuels,1.1.2 The analysis of gaseous fuels for composition andvarious other physical properties, and1.1.3 Other practices related to the processing, transmission,and distribution of gaseous fuels.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ISO Standard:ISO NP 14532 Natural GasTerminology23. Terminologyacid gasnatu

4、ral gas containing high concentrations of hy-drogen sulfide or carbon dioxide, or both, which is acidicwhen in contact with water or water vapor.associated gasnatural gas, also known as gas-cap gas ordome gas, that overlies and is in immediate contact, but notin solution, with crude oil in a reservo

5、ir.at-line instrumentinstrument requiring operator interactionto sample gas directly from the pipeline.base conditionstemperature and pressure conditions atwhich natural gas volumes are determined for purposes ofcustody transfer. In natural gas measurement the propertiesof interest are temperature,

6、pressure, and composition. As-suming ideal gas properties, for simplicity, tables of purecompounds can be prepared for use in calculating gasproperties for any composition at “base conditions.” These“base conditions” are chosen near ambient.BtuBritish thermal unit, the amount of energy required tora

7、ise the temperature of one pound of water one degreeFahrenheit. One BtuIT(International Table) is equal to1055.056 J.calorimetera device to measure the evolved heat resultingfrom the combustion of a pressed natural gas (CNG)natural gas that is typicallypressurized to 3600 psi. CNG is primarily used

8、as avehicular pressibilitythe property of a material that permits it todecrease in volume when subjected to an increase pressibility factor (z)a factor calculated by taking theratio of the actual volume of a given mass of gas at aspecified temperature and pressure to its volume calculatedfrom the id

9、eal gas law at the same conditions.dew pointthe temperature at any given pressure at whichliquid initially condenses from a gas or vapor. It is specifi-cally applied to the temperature at which water vapor startsto condense from a gas mixture (water dew point), or atwhich hydrocarbons start to conde

10、nse (hydrocarbon dewpoint).dissolved gasnatural gas held in solution in reservoir liquidsat the prevailing temperature and pressure of the reservoir.dry gasnatural gas containing little or no water vapor.gas qualityquality of gaseous fuel, which is defined by itscomposition and its physical properti

11、es.gross heating value (also called higher heating value) theamount of energy per volume transferred as heat from thecomplete, ideal combustion of the gas at standard tempera-ture in which all the water formed by the reaction condensesto liquid.hydratea solid, crystalline material composed of water

12、andcomponents of natural gas formed under pressure at tem-peratures above the freezing point of water.hydrocarbon dew point(see dew point)inert componentsthose elements or components of naturalgas (fuel gas) that do not contribute to the heating value.in-line instrumentinstrument whose active elemen

13、t is in-stalled in the pipeline and measures at pipeline conditions.interchangeabilitya measure of the degree to which com-bustion characteristics of one gas are comparable to those ofanother gas. Two gases are interchangeable when one gasmay substitute another directly without interfering with theo

14、peration of gas burning appliances or equipment.lean gasnatural gas containing little or no hydrocarbonscommercially recoverable as liquid products.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D03 onGaseous Fuels and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D03.92 onTerminology

15、Classification and Specifications.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 4150 03.2Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi

16、.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.DISCUSSIONWater and recoverable hydrocarbons (ethane andheavier hydrocarbons) are customarily removed from natural gas tomeet contractual or state statutory requirements.liquefied

17、natural gas (LNG)natural gas that has beenliquefied, after processing, for storage or transportationpurposes. (This definition is from ISO NP 14532.)natural gasa naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbonand nonhydrocarbon gases found in porous geological for-mations (reservoirs) beneath the earths

18、surface, often inassociation with petroleum. The principal constituent ofnatural gas is methane.natural gas odorantan intensively smelling organic chemi-cal or combination of chemicals (for example, sulfur com-pounds), added to fuel gases to impart a characteristic anddistinctive (usually disagreeab

19、le) warning odor so gas leakscan be detected.natural gas, processeda methane-rich commercial gaseousproduct derived from naturally occurring gas mixtures byprocessing (also referred to as merchantable natural gas).net heating value (also called lower heating value)theamount of energy per volume tran

20、sferred as heat from thecomplete, ideal combustion of the gas at standard tempera-ture in which all the water formed by the reaction remains inthe vapor state.nonassociated gasnatural gas not in contact with, nordissolved in, reservoir liquids.on-line instrumentautomated instrument that samples gasd

21、irectly from the pipeline, but is installed externally.relative density (specific gravity)ratio of the density of thegaseous fuel, under specified conditions of temperature andpressure, to the density of normal dry air,3at the sametemperature and pressure.rich gasnatural gas containing commercially

22、recoverableamounts of condensable hydrocarbons.sour gasnatural gas containing concentrations of sulfurcompounds which make it impractical to use without puri-fication because of toxicity or corrosive effects, or both, onpiping and equipment.sweet gasnatural gas with sulfur compounds low enoughthat i

23、t can be used without further purification.water dew point(see dew point)wet gasnatural gas that contains water vapor in excess ofsales or contractual specifications, or both.DISCUSSIONThe term is subject to varying legal definition asspecified by contract or state statutes.Wobbe indexa numerical va

24、lue that is calculated as the heatvalue (calorific valueheat) on a volume basis at specifiedreference conditions, divided by the square root of therelative density at the same specified reference conditions.The Wobbe index is a measure of heat input to gasappliances derived from the orifice flow equ

25、ation. It indi-cates the relative amount of energy that would flow througha small burner orifice jet.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that det

26、ermination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved o

27、r withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel th

28、at your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints

29、 (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).3Journal of Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Vol 83,pp. 419, 1978.D4150082