[外语类试卷]专业英语八级(改错)模拟试卷194及答案与解析.doc
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1、专业英语八级(改错)模拟试卷 194及答案与解析 一、 PART III LANGUAGE USAGE 0 Second language teaching should focus on encouraging acquisition, and on providing input that stimulates the conscious【 S1】 _ language acquisition potential all normal human beings have. This does not mean to say, however, that there is not room
2、at all for【 S2】 _ conscious learning. Conscious learning does have a role, but it is no longer a lead actor in the play. For starters, we mustnt realize that learning does not turn into【 S3】 _ acquisition. While the idea is that we first learn a grammar rule and【 S4】 _ then use it so much that it be
3、comes internalized is common and may seem obvious to many, it is not supported by theory neither by the【 S5】 _ observation of second language acquirers, who often correctly use “rules“ they have never been taught and dont even remember accurately the rules they have learned. However, there is place
4、for grammar, or the conscious【 S6】 _ learning of the rules of a language. Their major role is in the use【 S7】 _ of the Monitor, which allows Monitor users to produce more correct output when they are given the right conditions to actually use their Monitor, like in some planned speech and writing.【
5、S8】 _ So, for correct Monitor use the users must know the rules they are【 S9】 _ applying, and these would need to be rules that are easy to remember and apply a very small subset of all of the grammatical rules of a language. It is not worth for language acquisition to teach【 S10】 _ difficult rules
6、which are hard to learn, harder to remember, and sometimes almost impossible to correctly apply. 1 【 S1】 2 【 S2】 3 【 S3】 4 【 S4】 5 【 S5】 6 【 S6】 7 【 S7】 8 【 S8】 9 【 S9】 10 【 S10】 10 Communication is far more than speech and writing. Most of us are aware that we are communicating in many different wa
7、ys even【 S1】 _ when we are not speaking. The same goes to other social animal【 S2】 _ species. We are rarely taught about this most non-verbal form of【 S3】 _ human communication in school even though it is very important for effective interaction to others. Grown up in a society, we informally【 S4】 _
8、 learn how to use gestures, glances, slight changes in tone of voice, and other auxiliary communication devices to alter or emphasize how【 S5】 _ we say and do. We learn these highly culture bound techniques over years largely by observing others and imitating them. Linguists refer to all of these au
9、xiliary communication methods【 S6】 _ paralanguage. It is part of the redundancy in communication that helps prevent ineffective communication. It can prevent the wrong message from inadvertently being passed on, as is often as the case【 S7】 _ in a telephone call and even more so in a letter. The par
10、alanguage messages that can be observed through face-to-face contact also makes it more difficult to lie or to hide emotions.【 S8】 _ Paralanguage is often less important in communication than【 S9】 _ what is actually being said orally. It has been suggested that as much as 70% of what we communicate
11、when talking directly with others are through paralanguage.【 S10】 _ 11 【 S1】 12 【 S2】 13 【 S3】 14 【 S4】 15 【 S5】 16 【 S6】 17 【 S7】 18 【 S8】 19 【 S9】 20 【 S10】 20 No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can not be found to any rule.【 S1】 _ Never
12、theless, the word “amateur“ does carry connotation that the【 S2】 _ person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share their values. The growth of【 S3】 _ specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer,
13、more complex training, implied greater problems for professional participation in science. The trend was【 S4】 _ naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United King
14、dom. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis of the【 S5】 _ primacy of research, but also a changing definition of that【 S6】 _ constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological
15、 studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; and, in the twentieth century, local studies have【 S7】 _ increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect into the wider geological picture. Amateurs,【 S8】 _ on the other hand, have continued to pursue
16、local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geologica
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